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Parallel PoliticsCredits

Parallel PoliticsCredits

Picture, video and data credits

Every picture, video and dataset in this course:who made it, where it comes from and the licence that lets us show it.Thank you to everyone who shares their work freely.

The course home

Open ground of bare rock and grass on a hill in Athens, with the Acropolis and its temples on the next hill.The Pnyx in Athens, with the Acropolis beyond.Photo: George E. Koronaios, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.

Part 1: How democracies actually work

A white dome and a huge upturned white bowl on a long low building, with twin office towers behind, under a cloudy sky.Brazil's National Congress in Brasília.Photo: "Congresso Nacional - Brasilia (14911373813)" by Marinelson Almeida - Traveling through Brazil from Niteroi, Brasil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
Max Weber, a bearded man in a dark suit and white collar, looking straight at the camera.Max Weber in 1918.Photo: Ernst Gottmann, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoContractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #37From the channel CrashCourse. Watch the full video.
A crowned giant holding a sword and a bishop's staff, his body made of many tiny people, rising over hills and a town.From the title page of Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, London, 1651: a crowned giant whose body is made of hundreds of tiny people.Engraving: Abraham Bosse, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoSovereignty ExplainedFrom the channel CFR Education. Watch the full video.
A crowded hall of men in black and lace collars raising their right hands to swear an oath around a table covered in green cloth.Envoys of Spain and the Dutch Republic swear to the Peace of Münster, 15 May 1648, painted by Gerard ter Borch.Painting: Gerard ter Borch, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A broken stone slab cut with many neat rows of narrow slots, on a museum plinth.A kleroterion in the Museum of the Ancient Agora, Athens.Photo: "AGMA Kleroterion 2" by Dorieo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoWhat did democracy really mean in Athens? - Melissa SchwartzbergFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Eight round clay dishes in a museum case, each with a name scratched in Greek letters around its dark inside.Ostraka in the Museum of the Ancient Agora, Athens: pottery scratched with the name Themistocles.Photo: Zde, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
An old printed title page reading De l'Esprit des Loix, Tome Second, with an engraved ornament and A Geneve below.The title page of the second volume of The Spirit of the Laws, first printed in Geneva in 1748.Scan: Montesquieu, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow is power divided in the United States government? - Belinda StutzmanFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Montesquieu in a long curly wig and a wide white fur collar, in an oval frame.Montesquieu, a French judge and writer.Print: Pierre Michel Alix, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A sandstone palace with a long colonnade, wide steps and a large dome, under a clear blue sky.Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi, the President's house.Photo: "Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi (29473872940)" by Ankur Panchbudhe from Pune, India, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A pencil drawing of Alexis de Tocqueville, a young man with dark wavy hair and a high collar.Alexis de Tocqueville, drawn by Théodore Chassériau.Drawing: Théodore Chassériau, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoWhat are the universal human rights? - Benedetta BertiFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Seen from high above, a palace with two long curved colonnaded wings faces gardens and fountains running down to a river, with a city beyond.The Palais de Chaillot in Paris, seen from the Eiffel Tower.Photo: Gzen92, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
VideoForms of Government Explained: Democracy, Authoritarianism, and MoreFrom the channel CFR Education. Watch the full video.

Part 2: Ideologies from left to right

The Palais Bourbon in Paris, its columned front facing the Seine beyond the arches of the Pont de la Concorde.The Palais Bourbon in Paris, home of France's National Assembly.Photo: Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The empty chamber of France's National Assembly: red seats in a half circle facing the raised president's desk.The chamber of France's National Assembly in the Palais Bourbon, Paris.Photo: "Hemicycle assemblee nationale" by Coucouoeuf, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
An engraving of the National Constituent Assembly at Versailles: rows of members fill a columned hall facing the president's table.France's National Constituent Assembly in session in its hall at Versailles in September 1789, the year left and right began.Engraving: Paul Jacob Laminit, public domain (author died in 1831), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
The title page of On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, printed in London by John W. Parker and Son.A facsimile of the title page of On Liberty, as first printed in London in 1859.Scan: John Stuart Mill (author), John W. Parker and Son (publisher), public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A black and white photograph of John Stuart Mill, an older bald man with grey side whiskers, a dark coat and a bow tie.John Stuart Mill, who set out the harm principle in On Liberty in 1859, in a photograph from about 1870.Photo: London Stereoscopic Company, public domain (photograph from about 1870), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
The title page of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, printed in London for J. Dodsley.The title page of Reflections on the Revolution in France, printed in London in 1790.Scan: Edmund Burke, public domain (author died in 1797), via Internet Archive. Cropped by One Young India.
A mezzotint portrait of Edmund Burke in a round frame: a man with curled hair, a coat and a lace cravat, looking left.Edmund Burke, who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790, in a print of 1770 after Joshua Reynolds.Mezzotint: James Watson, after Joshua Reynolds, public domain (author died in 1790), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
The green printed cover of the Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, in German black letter type inside a decorated border.The cover of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, printed in London in February 1848.Scan: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A black and white photograph of Karl Marx, seated, with white hair and a full white beard, one hand in his coat.Karl Marx, who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in 1848, in a photograph by John Mayall, 1875.Photo: John Jabez Edwin Mayall, public domain (author died in 1901), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A cricket ground in Kolkata seen from the stands: green outfield, and far stands filled with spectators too small to tell apart.Eden Gardens, the cricket ground in Kolkata.Photo: Srijitdutta.10, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
A painted portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft, a young woman in a white dress, her brown hair under a dark cap.Mary Wollstonecraft, painted by John Opie in about 1797.Painting: John Opie, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A colour programme cover: a herald in a long cape on a white horse blows a horn hung with a banner, the Capitol behind her.The official programme of the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1913, a march for women's right to vote.Print: Benjamin M. Dale, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A storm water drain in Bengaluru covered in thick white froth, trees and morning sun behind it.A storm water drain beside Bellandur Lake in Bengaluru, covered in froth: a real problem of the kind this chapter asks about.Photo: "Rajakaluve storm water drain Bellandur Lake east" by Sandip Bhattacharya, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoPicture a perfect society. What does it look like? - Joseph LaceyFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.

Part 3: The UN, the G20 and a multipolar world

The tall Secretariat tower of the United Nations headquarters beside the East River in New York, a small boat passing.The United Nations headquarters in New York, seen from the East River.Photo: Jdforrester, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
DataMember states of the United Nations at the end of each yearData: United Nations, "Growth in United Nations Membership", facts from the United Nations' own list, credited. Drawn by One Young India.
The empty General Assembly Hall in New York: rows of desks facing a raised podium, with the UN emblem on the gold wall.The General Assembly Hall in New York, the hall from the story: every member state has a seat here and one vote.Photo: "UNGeneralAssemblyEmpty" by LordHarris at English Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The Peace Palace in The Hague, a red brick building with a tall clock tower, behind a green lawn under a clear blue sky.The Peace Palace in The Hague, where the International Court of Justice, the main court of the United Nations, sits.Photo: "Friedenspalast Den Haag" by Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
Rows of wooden fishing boats painted blue, red and green, pulled up side by side on a grassy shore by the sea.Fishing boats side by side at Chellanam harbour in Kerala: many fleets, one shared sea.Photo: Vis M, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
VideoWhat is the tragedy of the commons? - Nicholas AmendolareFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Nine round maps of the ozone over Antarctica, a blue and purple hole small in the first ones and large in the later ones.NASA's maps of the ozone hole over Antarctica on 1 October in selected years from 1979 to 2014: the blue and purple patch at the centre.Map: NASA Scientific Visualization Studio, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
The thin blue band of Earth's atmosphere above white clouds, seen from space, a faint crescent Moon beyond it.The thin layer of air that every country shares, photographed from the International Space Station: a commons on a world scale.Photo: NASA Earth Observatory, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
A page of a medieval Greek manuscript: lines of brown handwriting on pale, worn parchment, a short heading at the top.A page of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War in a medieval manuscript, now in Munich: the ancient Greek account that realists still point to.Manuscript: Thucydides, in a medieval copy, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
The Berlin Wall's death strip in summer: a concrete guard tower, rows of white anti-tank obstacles and tall grey buildings beyond.The death strip of the Berlin Wall in August 1977, with a guard tower and anti-tank obstacles: one city split between the two blocs of the Cold War.Photo: "Berlin Wall death strip, 1977" by GeorgeLouis at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
A handwritten page in French inside an ornate printed frame, headed Convention in large script.The first page of the 1864 Geneva Convention, a treaty on caring for soldiers wounded in war, whichever side they fought on.Photo: "1864 Geneva Convention" by ICRC, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.

Part 4: Elections, the Constitution of India and your question

The round, colonnaded old Parliament House in New Delhi, its outline lit with strings of lights at dusk.The old Parliament House in New Delhi, lit at dusk.Photo: Ministry of Defence (GODL-India), GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoWhich voting system is the best? - Alex GendlerFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
The empty Lok Sabha chamber: curved rows of teal seats rising around a central table, under a carved wooden ceiling.The Lok Sabha chamber in the new Parliament building, New Delhi: the seats that India's votes fill.Photo: Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons.
A fingertip with a short purple line of ink running down from the nail, against a beige cloth.A voter's finger marked with indelible ink, the sign in Indian elections that the vote has been cast.Photo: Fotokannan, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
A black and white portrait photograph of B. R. Ambedkar in round glasses, a dark suit and a striped tie.Dr B. R. Ambedkar, who chaired the Drafting Committee that prepared the text of the Constitution.Photo: Unknown photographer, public domain (Indian work whose copyright term has ended), via Wikimedia Commons.
A two storey cream panchayat office with blue trim and wooden doors, coconut palms behind it and a flagpole at the front.The gram panchayat office of Maravanthe, a village in Udupi district, Karnataka: the government closest to the people who live there.Photo: Rohan Pinto, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.
Northern India at night from space: clusters of orange city lights across a dark plain, snow and cloud to the north.Northern India at night, seen from the International Space Station.Photo: NASA, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A handwritten court page in faded brown ink, its edges scorched into wavy scallops.A page of the court papers in Marbury v.Scan: Supreme Court of the United States, public domain (US government work), via Wikimedia Commons.
The Supreme Court of India in New Delhi: a long red and cream building with a white domed tower, behind lawns and trees.The Supreme Court of India in New Delhi, the court that can strike down a law that breaks the Constitution.Photo: Pinakpani, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India. The crop is shared under the same licence.

The free preview

A white dome and a huge upturned white bowl on a long low building, with twin office towers behind, under a cloudy sky.Brazil's National Congress in Brasília.Photo: "Congresso Nacional - Brasilia (14911373813)" by Marinelson Almeida - Traveling through Brazil from Niteroi, Brasil, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
Max Weber, a bearded man in a dark suit and white collar, looking straight at the camera.Max Weber in 1918.Photo: Ernst Gottmann, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
VideoContractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #37From the channel CrashCourse. Watch the full video.
A crowned giant holding a sword and a bishop's staff, his body made of many tiny people, rising over hills and a town.From the title page of Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, London, 1651: a crowned giant whose body is made of hundreds of tiny people.Engraving: Abraham Bosse, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.

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