One Young India
Sync with ScienceCredits

Sync with ScienceCredits

Picture, video and data credits

Every picture, video and dataset in this course:who made it, where it comes from and the licence that lets us show it.Thank you to everyone who shares their work freely.

The course home

The whole Earth seen from space: Africa, Arabia and Antarctica under swirling white clouds on a deep blue ocean.The whole Earth, photographed from space by the crew of Apollo 17.Photo: NASA/Apollo 17 crew, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.

Part 1: How science knows, and a warming world

India seen from the International Space Station, with the station's robotic arm and a solar panel against the black of space.India from the International Space Station, past the station's robotic arm.Photo: Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
Looking down from a high walkway onto giant round generators lined up in a long power-station hall, in black and white.Generators in the hall of a hydroelectric power station in the United States.Photo: Jet Lowe, public domain (US government work, National Park Service), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
An animated pendulum swings on its string, with arrows showing its weight pulling down and the string pulling back.Animated PendulumAnimation: And1mu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Loops of white light on a black background, traced by a small light on a swinging pendulum during a long camera exposure.A pendulum carrying a small light, photographed with the shutter left open: each swing leaves a loop of light.Photo: Subhrajyoti07, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow Do Greenhouse Gases Actually Work?From the channel MinuteEarth. Watch the full video.
DataCarbon dioxide in the air at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, yearly averageData: NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Mauna Loa Observatory (1958 to 1974 from C. David Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography), free to use with credit (NOAA GML data use statement). Drawn by One Young India.
The opening of Eunice Foote's printed paper on the heat of the sun's rays, from a science journal of 1856.Eunice Foote's paper, read in 1856: she set glass cylinders of gases in sunlight.Scan: Eunice Newton Foote, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
An engraving of John Tyndall's laboratory apparatus, labelled: a long tube for the gas, boiling water, a thermopile and a vacuum pump.John Tyndall's apparatus, from his lecture of 1861, measured how much heat each gas absorbs.Diagram: John Tyndall, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A thin slice of Antarctic ice under polarised light, its colourful crystals dotted with hundreds of tiny dark air bubbles.A sliver of Antarctic ice under polarised light.Photo: "CSIRO ScienceImage 518 Air Bubbles Trapped in Ice" by CSIRO, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Part 2: The new space race

A tall white rocket lifts off at dusk, its engines lighting clouds of exhaust between the launch towers at Sriharikota.A GSLV Mk III rocket lifts off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota.Photo: Indian Space Research Organisation (GODL-India), GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons.
Newton's drawing: the Earth with a mountain on top, and the curving paths of shots landing further away, out to ones that circle the Earth.Newton's drawing, printed in A Treatise of the System of the World in 1728: the faster a shot leaves the mountain, the further it falls around the Earth.Drawing: Isaac Newton, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
The International Space Station, with its long solar panels, seen from a departing space shuttle above white clouds and the Earth.The International Space Station, photographed from the space shuttle Endeavour as it pulled away.Photo: NASA, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
A watercolour of a soldier of Tipu Sultan's army bending to lift and light a war rocket bound to a long bamboo pole.A Mysore rocket man, painted by Robert Home: a soldier of Tipu Sultan's army lights a rocket bound to a bamboo pole.Painting: Robert Home, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
An engraved plate of Congreve rockets of many sizes, each a long case on a guiding stick, with the tools used to launch them.Congreve's rockets in many sizes, from his treatise on the rocket system he developed.Engraving: Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
The Saturn V rocket of Apollo 11 rising past its launch tower, with flame and clouds of exhaust billowing below it.Apollo 11's Saturn V rocket lifting off, seen from its launch tower.Photo: NASA; restored by Michel Vuijlsteke, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A diagram of the Mars Orbiter Mission's path: loops around the Earth growing longer, then a long curve out to the orbit of Mars.The Mars Orbiter Mission's path, in a diagram not drawn to scale.Diagram: "Mars Orbiter Mission ISRO English" by Nesnad, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The Vikram lander standing on grey lunar soil near the Moon's south pole, seen from its rover, Pragyan, a few metres away.The Vikram lander near the Moon's south pole, photographed by its own rover, Pragyan.Photo: Indian Space Research Organisation (GODL-India), GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons.
Fraunhofer's engraving of part of the Sun's spectrum: a long band crossed by many dark lines, marked with letters and colour names.Joseph von Fraunhofer's drawing of the Sun's spectrum, published in 1817.Engraving: Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (1787 to 1826), public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
Sunlight spread into rows of colour from red to violet, crossed by many thin dark lines where atoms absorbed light.Sunlight spread out finely, row after row, from red to violet.Image: NOIRLab, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoThe Fermi Paradox — Where Are All The Aliens? (1/2)From the channel Kurzgesagt. Watch the full video.
An observatory tower on a high plateau under the bright centre of the Milky Way, the sky crowded with stars.An observatory under the centre of the Milky Way, in a composite photograph.Photo: Astrobond, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A magnified pit in spacecraft glass: a bright splash of cracks around a small crater, against dark blue.A pit in a window of the space shuttle Challenger, left by a collision with a fleck of paint in orbit.Photo: NASA, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
The full Moon, its bright highlands and dark plains sharp against a black sky.Under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, no country can claim it.Photo: "2019-01-20 21-58MEZ Vollmond LRGB" by Rolf-Hempel, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A huge spiral of white cloud with a small clear eye at its centre, filling the sea between green coasts.Cyclone Phailin over the Bay of Bengal in October 2013, photographed from a NASA satellite.Photo: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response, captured on Aqua satellite, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.

Part 3: Genes, germs and the body

Red blood cells like dimpled discs, with a few rounder white blood cells and tiny platelets, under a scanning electron microscope.Human blood under a scanning electron microscope: red cells, white cells and platelets.Micrograph: Bruce Wetzel (photographer). Harry Schaefer (photographer), public domain (US government work), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
A tall model of the DNA double helix built from metal rods and plates, standing in a museum room.A replica of Watson and Crick's double-helix model, in the Berlin Museum of Medical History.Photo: Flocci Nivis, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Dark-stained chromosomes from one human cell, scattered on a yellow background under a microscope, with a scale bar.The chromosomes of one human cell, stained and photographed under a microscope.Micrograph: "Human karyotype (259 32) Karyotype Human 46,XX (woman)" by Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The first printed page of Mendel's paper on plant hybrids, in German, set in old type in a society's journal.The first page of Mendel's paper, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization), in the journal of the natural history society in Brünn.Scan: Gregor Mendel, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
A white pea flower with a broad upper petal, on a green stem among leaves.Mendel counted thousands of pea plants to find the hidden pattern behind them.Photo: "Pisum sativum flower" by Dyorkey, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow CRISPR lets you edit DNA - Andrea M. HenleFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Many small viruses with round heads and short tails stuck to the wall of a bacterium, in grey under an electron microscope.Viruses called bacteriophages attached to the wall of a bacterium, under an electron microscope.Micrograph: "Phage" by Professor Graham Beards, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A low stone and timber hall among pine trees at the Asilomar conference grounds, under an evening sky.Scientists met here in February 1975 to agree safety rules before their new work went on.Photo: Daderot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow does your immune system work? - Emma BryceFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
A white blood cell, coloured yellow, reaching out to engulf rod-shaped orange bacteria, under a scanning electron microscope.A white blood cell called a neutrophil engulfing bacteria: one of the hunters that swallow germs whole.Micrograph: "Neutrophil with anthrax copy" by Volker Brinkmann, CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons.
The title page of Edward Jenner's book on the cow pox, set in old-fashioned capital letters.The title page of Edward Jenner's book on cowpox, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, published in 1798.Scan: Edward Jenner, public domain (author died more than 70 years ago), via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow do vaccines work? - Kelwalin DhanasarnsombutFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
A single round measles virus particle, cut through and magnified many thousands of times, grey under an electron microscope.One measles virus particle under an electron microscope.Micrograph: Cynthia S. Goldsmith and William Bellini, CDC, public domain (US government work), via Wikimedia Commons.
A Petri dish of yellow jelly with round colonies of blue-green and white mould growing on it.Penicillium moulds growing on a dish.Photo: Convallaria majalis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoWhat causes antibiotic resistance? - Kevin WuFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Clusters of round bacteria, coloured teal, on a purple surface, under a scanning electron microscope.Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA) under a scanning electron microscope, coloured to show them.Micrograph: "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Bacteria colorized scanning electron micrograph - 22" by NIAID, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Part 4: Energy, breakthroughs and your question

Long rows of blue solar panels covering flat farmland, seen from the air, with a few buildings and roads at the edge.A solar power plant in Telangana, seen from the air.Photo: Thomas Lloyd Group, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Cooling towers and a chimney of a thermal power station standing beyond a lake, under a hazy sky.A thermal power station near Nagpur, Maharashtra.Photo: Yann Forget, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A wooden laboratory table crowded with small instruments, wires and glassware, displayed in a museum case.The apparatus with which Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann found fission in 1938, now in the Deutsches Museum, Munich.Photo: "Nuclear Fission Experimental Apparatus 1938 - Deutsches Museum - Munich" by J Brew, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Rows of tall concrete storage casks on a gravel pad, with a crane lifting a newly loaded cask beside them.Used nuclear fuel stored in dry casks at a site in the United States, photographed by the country's nuclear regulator.Photo: "Massive containers hold spent nuclear fuel (15420175144)" by Nuclear Regulatory Commission from US, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Domed reactor buildings and cooling towers of a nuclear power station beside water, under a pale sky.The Kakrapar Atomic Power Station, one of India's nuclear power stations.Photo: DAE (GODL-India), GODL-India, via Wikimedia Commons.
The inside of a ring-shaped fusion machine, its curved metal walls lined with tiles and antennas, seen through a wide lens.Inside the Alcator C-Mod tokamak at the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center: the ring-shaped chamber in which magnets hold the plasma away from the walls.Photo: "Alcator C-Mod Tokamak Interior" by Mike Garrett, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The Sun as a glowing orange disc with bright active regions and loops at its edge, against black space.The Sun in false colour, from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory.Image: NASA/SDO (AIA), public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow do solar panels work? - Richard KompFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.
Wind turbines in silhouette on a flat horizon, with sunbeams breaking through heavy grey clouds above them.Wind turbines between Palladam and Pollachi in Tamil Nadu, under sun and cloud.Photo: "Sun and wind power turbines TN ph 03" by T. R. Shankar Raman, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
A round silicon wafer covered in a grid of hundreds of tiny square chips, lying on a red cloth.A silicon wafer partway through the making of a couple hundred computer chips.Photo: "486 Wafer" by Bill Smith, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
VideoHow false news can spread - Noah TavlinFrom the channel TED-Ed. Watch the full video.

The free preview

India seen from the International Space Station, with the station's robotic arm and a solar panel against the black of space.India from the International Space Station, past the station's robotic arm.Photo: Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, public domain (US government work, NASA), via Wikimedia Commons.
Looking down from a high walkway onto giant round generators lined up in a long power-station hall, in black and white.Generators in the hall of a hydroelectric power station in the United States.Photo: Jet Lowe, public domain (US government work, National Park Service), via Wikimedia Commons. Cropped by One Young India.
An animated pendulum swings on its string, with arrows showing its weight pulling down and the string pulling back.Animated PendulumAnimation: And1mu, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Loops of white light on a black background, traced by a small light on a swinging pendulum during a long camera exposure.A pendulum carrying a small light, photographed with the shutter left open: each swing leaves a loop of light.Photo: Subhrajyoti07, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

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