Introduction Increase agricultural productivity, efficiency, and crop diversification by modernising agricultural technology. Create income and employment by implementing a paradigm shift that ensures food security while maximising agricultural value addition. Sectoral Issues The current yield levels of the majority of crops remain significantly lower than the global average. The primary causes are a lack of irrigation, the use of low-quality seeds, a lack of adoption of impr

Introduction Financial inclusion is defined as providing individuals and businesses with useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings, credit, and insurance – responsibly and sustainably. Financial inclusion has been identified as a necessary condition for the achievement of seven of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. The G20 reaffirmed its commitment to advancing financial inclusion globally and to im

Introduction The Blue Revolution in India, also known as the Neel Kranti Mission, was initiated around 1985 ( seventh five year plan) by Dr. Arun Krishnan and Dr.Hiralal Chaudhari, also known as father of Blue Revolution. The Blue Revolution's multifaceted efforts are primarily focused on enhancing fisheries output and productivity from aquaculture and fisheries resources, both inland and marine. China presently leads in aquaculture output with a staggering 60 million tonnes

Introduction In India, the maritime sector has been the backbone of the country's trade and has grown exponentially over the years. The Government of India has launched the ambitious Sagarmala Programme to promote port-led development in the country, leveraging India's 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways, and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes. On March 25, 2015, the Union Cabinet approved the Sagarmala concept. A N

Introduction Infrastructure is critical for the country's economic growth and poverty reduction. Adequate infrastructure in the form of roads and railways, ports, power, and airports, as well as their efficient operation, are required for the Indian economy to integrate with other economies around the world. A country's infrastructure has a direct impact on its economic and social growth. Many developed countries have made significant progress as a result of massive expansion

Introduction The primary goal of the RBI's monetary policy is to maintain price stability while also pursuing growth. Price stability is a prerequisite for long-term growth. Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act of 1934 empowers the central government to form a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to determine the policy interest rate needed to achieve the inflation target. As per Section 45ZB, "the Monetary Policy Committee shall determine the Policy Rate required to ac

Introduction Effective legislative control over government spending necessitates that the Parliament be satisfied that the appropriations have been used economically for the approved purposes within the framework of the grants. It should also conduct a thorough examination of the government's annual budget estimates in order to suggest economic and sound implementation of the plans and programmes embodied therein. Both of these functions are critical to ensuring that parliam

Introduction Although Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, a British irrigation engineer, proposed interconnecting India's rivers in 1858, the concept of interconnecting Indian rivers was revitalized just a few decades ago by M. Visveswarayya, K. L. Rao, and D. J. Dastur. The Indian Supreme Court directed the government to finish the river interconnection project within the next 12–15 years in 2002. The Government of India created a Task Force in response to this order, and scientists,

In its 114th Report, the Law Commission of India proposed the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas to provide citizens with inexpensive and timely access to justice at their doorsteps. The Gram Nyayalayas Bill was enacted by Parliament on December 22, 2008, and the Gram Nyayalayas Act went into effect on October 2, 2009. The Act extends to the whole of India, except to the States of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and to the tribal areas specified in parts of the Sixth Schedu

Introduction If there were four women for every ten males in the agricultural sector in 1991, there were six women for every ten men in 2011. This phenomenon of growing female engagement, especially in agricultural labour, is referred to as the feminisation of the Indian agricultural workforce. Causes of Indian Agriculture Feminisation Poverty is a key element that forces women to work as agricultural labourers to augment their family's income. Women also work as unremunerate

Introduction The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership was introduced during the 19th Asean meet held in November 2011. The RCEP negotiations started during the 21st Asean Summit in Cambodia in November 2012. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free-trade agreement between the 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) members plus Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea. It is worlds largest trade agreement. According to data

Introduction Capital Account records all international transactions of assets. An asset is any one of the forms in which wealth can be held, for example: stocks, bonds, Government debt, etc. Purchase of assets is a debit item on the capital account. If an Indian buys a UK Car Company, it enters capital account transactions as a debit item (as foreign exchange is flowing out of India). On the other hand, sale of assets like sale of share of an Indian company to a Chinese custo

Introduction Infrastructure is essential in agriculture at every stage, including input delivery, crop seeding, and post-harvest management. Planned investment in farm infrastructure is critical to increasing productivity and reducing post-harvest losses; this will also result in capacity development and increased revenue creation. Post-harvest losses in India are significantly greater due to a lack of essential agricultural infrastructure such as storage houses, pack houses,

Introduction Poverty is defined as the inability to satisfy basic needs. It is often seen as an economic problem, but a closer examination reveals that it also has a social, cultural, and political component. With generation after generation of impoverished families, it has now become a societal shackle that is impossible to break free from. People who are poor are unable to afford goods and services that might otherwise have assisted them in breaking free, which is why it is

Introduction Inflation is defined as an increase in the prices of goods and services such as food, clothes, housing, recreation, transportation, consumer staples, and so on. Inflation is defined as the average price change over time of a basket of goods and services. The opposite and rare fall in the price index of this basket of items is called ‘deflation’. Inflation is defined as a decrease in the purchasing power of a country's currency unit. This is measured in percenta

Under the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935, as the country's central bank. The Reserve Bank of India is in charge of overseeing the country's currency and credit systems via the implementation of monetary policy. Though originally privately owned, since nationalization in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India. Preamble The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the

Introduction Compulsory licencing is when a government permits another party to manufacture a patented product or process without the patent owner's approval or intends to use the patent-protected invention itself. It is one of the patent flexibilities contained in the WTO's TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement. The TRIPS Agreement does not specify the grounds for justifying compulsory licencing. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Heal

Money laundering is the illicit practice of disguising huge sums of money obtained through illegal or criminal activities, such as drug trafficking or terrorist financing, as legitimate. The proceeds of illicit conduct are deemed unclean, and the process "launders" them to make them appear clean. Laundering money normally consists of three steps: placement, layering, and integration. Placement sneakily introduces "bad money" into the lawful financial system. Through a sequenc

If poverty and low standards continue, then democracy, for all its fine institutions and ideals, ceases to be a liberating force. It must therefore aim continuously at the eradication of poverty (…) In other words, political democracy is not enough. It must develop into economic democracy as well. — Nehru, 1952 Introduction: Nehruvian The Nehruvian model of development — based on the four pillars of Parliamentary democracy, secularism, economic planning for establishing a wel

According to the erstwhile Planning Commission, Irrigation projects in India are classified by the amount of 'Cultivable Command Area (CCA)' they cover. If their CCA is greater than 10000 hectares, between 2000 and 10000 hectares, or less than 2000 hectares, they are classified as Major. Minor Scope irrigation projects typically exploit both surface and groundwater sources. Surface water resources are used in the majority of large and medium-sized projects. Irrigation Techniq

Food access is a goal that needs to be pursued in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Year after year, decade after decade, targets for achieving food access must be set. To ensure that these accesses are maintained indefinitely, short- and long-term measures must be taken. At the moment, three key food access points have been identified. Physical Accessibility Physical access requires producing enough food to feed the entire country. It entails producing enough fo

What is National Development Council? The Prime Minister presides over the National Development Council (NDC), also known as the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad, which is India's apex body for development decision-making and deliberation. It was established by Cabinet Secretariat Resolution in August 1952. It was intended to be a meeting place for India's Prime Minister and state Chief Ministers to deliberate and discuss plans and the planning process. The NDC is comprised of all Un

The Planning Commission was established in response to the National Planning Committee's report from 1949, which emphasised the importance of economic and social planning for the entire country. The Planning Commission was established as a permanent body of experts by Cabinet Resolution in March 1950. As a result, the Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional, non-statutory body that worked under the direction of the National Development Council (NDC). The Indian Consti

Cities are critical to the economic health of every country, including India's. By 2030, urban areas in India are predicted to contain 40% of the population and contribute around 75% of the country's GDP. This can be attributed to the country's rapid urbanisation. But this fast pace of urbanisation has created a slew of problems, including more slums, a declining level of living, environmental degradation, and city congestion. To address these problems, India's government has