Introduction Infrastructure is critical for the country's economic growth and poverty reduction. Adequate infrastructure in the form of roads and railways, ports, power, and airports, as well as their efficient operation, are required for the Indian economy to integrate with other economies around the world. A country's infrastructure has a direct impact on its economic and social growth. Many developed countries have made significant progress as a result of massive expansion

In its 114th Report, the Law Commission of India proposed the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas to provide citizens with inexpensive and timely access to justice at their doorsteps. The Gram Nyayalayas Bill was enacted by Parliament on December 22, 2008, and the Gram Nyayalayas Act went into effect on October 2, 2009. The Act extends to the whole of India, except to the States of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and to the tribal areas specified in parts of the Sixth Schedu

Introduction If there were four women for every ten males in the agricultural sector in 1991, there were six women for every ten men in 2011. This phenomenon of growing female engagement, especially in agricultural labour, is referred to as the feminisation of the Indian agricultural workforce. Causes of Indian Agriculture Feminisation Poverty is a key element that forces women to work as agricultural labourers to augment their family's income. Women also work as unremunerate

Introduction According to FAO “Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs” Lord Northbourne is credited with coining the phrase "organic farming." The phrase is derived from his notion o

Introduction The public distribution system (PDS) is an Indian food security system that is administered by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. PDS developed as a mechanism for addressing the issue of food security by distributing food grains at affordable prices. The PDS is jointly administered by the Central and State Governments. The Central Government buys food grains at MSP through the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and has assumed the respo

Introduction At this point, it's hard to picture a world without the internet. Since its inception as a platform for everything from personal to commercial communication to social networking and virtual hangouts, the internet has become indispensable. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have cemented their position as a necessary component of modern life. Many people's lives have been transformed by the Internet, Every day, more and more individuals are turning

Introduction The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership was introduced during the 19th Asean meet held in November 2011. The RCEP negotiations started during the 21st Asean Summit in Cambodia in November 2012. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free-trade agreement between the 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) members plus Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea. It is worlds largest trade agreement. According to data

Introduction MSPs are the prices at which the government buys certain crops from farmers in order to protect them against a severe drop in prices. It is an essential component of Agriculture Price Policy, and it aims to provide farmers with assistance while keeping prices accessible for consumers. Every year at the start of both crop seasons, the government declares MSP after considering the views of state governments and Central Ministries/Departments concerned for agricult

Introduction The phrase "child labour" is often characterised as employment that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity, as well as work that is hazardous to their physical and mental development. It refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and/or interferes with their schooling by denying them the opportunity to attend school; forcing them to leave school prematurely, or requiring them to combi

The traditional Just-War Theory derives from Christian theology. Saint Augustine is often regarded as the first to propose a doctrine of war and justice. The Saint appealed to the Bible and believed that certain wars were necessary to rectify evil. Augustine's version was updated by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who established three requirements for a good war: the war had to be undertaken by a legitimate authority, for a just cause, and with the appropriate motives. Traditional jus

Introduction The cabinet, which is led by the prime minister and includes around 15 to 20 of the most significant ministers, is the official highest decision-making body. However, a smaller group known as the 'inner Cabinet' or 'Kitchen Cabinet' has developed as the true seat of power. This informal organization is composed of the Prime Minister and two to four powerful colleagues in whom he has confidence and with whom he may discuss any issue. It provides advice to the prim

Introduction Parliament is seen as a temple of democracy, where elected representatives make decisions via discussions and deliberations. It is regarded as the highest standard for holding executives responsible for their actions. However, the prestigious institution has recently been in the news for all the wrong reasons, such as the devaluation of parliamentary authority, declining debate standards, deterioration in the behaviour and character of Members, low levels of part

Introduction Until 1813, the British maintained a policy of non-interference in the country's social, religious, and cultural life. Following 1813, attempts were made to restructure Indian society and its cultural milieu in response to the advent of new interests and ideas in nineteenth-century Britain as a result of substantial changes in Europe throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Among these developments were the following: The Industrial Revolution started in the 18th

Introduction The Consolidated Fund of India contains revenue collected by the government via taxes as well as expenses incurred through borrowings and loans. It is one of three components of the Annual Financial Statement, the other two being the Contingency Fund and the Public Account. Except for a few contingency or public fund expenses, all government expenditures are paid by consolidated funds. Article 266 of the Indian Constitution established the Consolidated Fund of In

Introduction Panchayati raj institutions are a watershed moment in India's democratic history since they not only percolated democratic decentralization to the grassroots level but also took a big step forward in women's empowerment by granting them a 33 percent reservation. This decentralization paradigm is characterized by a unique combination of rationalism and tokenism. However, women's participation in politics and public life in India has remained abysmally low. Though,

Introduction India is among the world's largest agricultural economies, sustaining a huge population. At the time of independence, India's economy was heavily reliant on agriculture. Nonetheless, the agricultural sector was in turmoil. Productivity was poor and heavily reliant on the monsoon, there were no irrigation facilities, no infrastructure, and no modern technologies. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Indian society. Despite contributing 19% to the GDP, agriculture a

Objectives The Act's objectives are: to empower citizens; to promote transparency and accountability; to limit corruption; and to increase people's participation in the democratic process The significance of information accessibility The presence of a right to information surely strengthens governance. Meaningful democracy is based on the notion of an informed citizenry capable of participating thoughtfully in the governance, people’s participation enriches democracy. It ena

Introduction It is widely acknowledged that excellent governance is vital for long-term economic and social growth. Transparency, accountability, and administrative responsiveness are the three basic characteristics of successful governance. The Citizens' Charters idea is a reaction to the desire to find solutions to the challenges that citizens face on a daily basis while engaging with organisations that provide public services. The Citizens' Charter idea enshrines trust bet

Introduction Civil service is critical to the operation of government. Since colonial times, the civil service has been regarded as the "steel frame" of administration in India. In this rapidly changing era of globalisation, the colonial legacy of civil service is still alive and well. The term "civil service" refers to the body of government employees who work in civil occupations that are not political or judicial in nature. From ancient times, the concept of civil service

For us, there is no valid definition of socialism other than the abolition of the exploitation of one human being by another." ~ Che Guevara Introduction The Oxford English Dictionary defines socialism as a theory or policy that aims at or advocates the ownership or control of the means of production—capital, land, property, etc.—by the community as a whole and their administration in the interests of all. Schumpeter's Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942) where is defin

Introduction Compulsory licencing is when a government permits another party to manufacture a patented product or process without the patent owner's approval or intends to use the patent-protected invention itself. It is one of the patent flexibilities contained in the WTO's TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement. The TRIPS Agreement does not specify the grounds for justifying compulsory licencing. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Heal

No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.~Article 21 Introduction The right to life is certainly the most fundamental of all human rights. Life is necessary for the enjoyment of all other rights. Indeed, other rights seek to improve the quality of life and dignity of individuals. To put it another way, other rights have the goal of making life better. Hobbes placed a premium on self-preservation, and one of t

Introduction Humanitarian intervention lies at the crossroads of realism and liberalism, where state power and material interests collide with human rights and sovereignty. Humanitarian intervention is defined as meddling in a country's internal affairs with the goal of ending or at least minimising suffering caused by events such as civil war, genocide, and starvation. Humanitarian intervention has been a source of heated debate in recent years, not only among academics but

Introduction In India, terrorism poses one of the greatest dangers to the country's security. In 2018, India was the fifth most terrorism-affected state in the world. 'Killings, kidnappings, destruction of property, and disruption of regular civic order' are just some of the ways in which terrorism affects India's national security. India's national security has been threatened by a variety of terrorism threats, but state-sponsored terrorism remains the most severe threat to