Introduction Human rights are rights that all humans possess, regardless of race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or another status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of speech and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone, without exception, is entitled to these rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a watershed moment in human rights history. The D

Introduction Human rights are rights we have simply because we exist as human beings - they are not granted by any state. These universal rights are inherent to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. They range from the most fundamental - the right to life - to those that make life worth living, such as the rights to food, education, work, health, and liberty. The Universal Declaration of Human Right

The question of the national language was one of the most contentious and vehemently argued by Constituent Assembly members. Members of this debate envisaged India as a nation, identified regional and linguistic identities, and strove to develop unity of purpose to set the groundwork for modern India in this discussion. The talks highlighted a schism between North and South India, as well as took communal overtones. By the 1930s, Congress had agreed that Hindustani should be

Introduction Fiscal federalism can best be understood as the economic counterpart to political federalism. It has to do with delegating functions to various levels of government and providing adequate financial resources to carry them out. Revenue distribution is particularly important in determining the character of the state's relationship with the Centre. Taxation powers are incorporated in the union list and the state list of the Constitution; both lists are exhaustive an

“Federalism is political contravene among those who desire unity without uniformity”-A.V.Dicey Federalism is a form of political structure that binds distinct polities together within a larger political framework while allowing each to retain its integrity. It is a term that refers to the constitutionally mandated division of powers between two or more levels of government in the modern nation-state system—one at the national level and another at the provincial, state, or loc

Politics in India after independence, under the structural framework of Parliamentary democracy, is the politics of national reconstruction, modernisation, integration, and development. In this setting, India's party system served as a political tool for social and economic reform. Not only for electoral purposes, but to raise people's consciousness about the importance of nation-building, state-building, and developing one's own unique democratic identity, it mobilised them.

Western dictionaries define secularism as the absence of religion but Indian secularism does not mean religiousness. It means the profusion of religions. ~ Shashi Tharoor Introduction The Indian model of secularism is positive in its approach. The state is required to maintain equidistance from all religions. The state approaches all religions equally. Indian secularism is fundamentally different from Western secularism. The western concept on the other hand denotes the compl

Introduction Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are a broad category of organisations that includes "private voluntary organisations," "civil society organisations," and "nonprofit organisations." The word non-governmental organisation (NGO) refers to a diverse spectrum of groups and organisations, ranging from watchdog organisations and humanitarian agencies to development and policy organisations. NGOs are a complex web of alliances and rivalries; for-profit and nonprofit

Introduction The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was conceived and developed amid the fall of the colonial system and the liberation struggles of peoples in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and other parts of the world, as well as during the Cold War's height. During the Movement's early years, its activities played a key role in the decolonization process, which eventually resulted in the attainment of freedom and independence by several countries, as well as the establishment of ten

The term Globalization refers to the integration of the economy of the nation with the world economy; it is a multifaceted aspect. It is a result of the collection of multiple strategies that are directed at transforming the world towards greater interdependence and integration. It includes the creation of networks and pursuits transforming social, economic and geographical barriers. Globalisation tries to build links in such a way that the events in India can be determined b

Introduction Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. India's urbanisation is accelerating, with over 34% of the country's present population living in urban areas (UN World Urbanisation Prospects Report 2018). It has grown quick

The Government of India Act, 1935, which provided the Governor General authority to enact Ordinances, was incorporated into the Indian Constitution. This act's sections 42 and 43 dealt with the Governor General's power to issue an ordinance, which stipulates that only he has the authority to do so "if circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take prompt action." A great deal was said and debated about the President's capacity to issue executive orders; some me

Introduction Protests are a vital aspect of the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural life of every society. Protests have a long history of inspiring social change and human rights progress, and they continue to do so around the world, helping to define and preserve civic space. Protests help citizens become more engaged and well-informed. Allowing citizens to directly influence public policy which in turn is a key component of representative democracy. People and

What is the meaning of parliamentary privilege? Parliamentary privilege refers to the privileges and immunities enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and by MPs in their individual capacities, without which they will be unable to carry out their constitutionally mandated functions. Parliament is required by the Constitution to define the rights, privileges, and immunities of Parliament and Members of Parliament. No legislation has been adopted in this area to date. Without

Introduction The geographic proximity of North-Eastern India to Southeast Asia plays a critical role in implementing India's - Act East policy through the development of linkages and connections. The Look East policy was initiated in 1991 with the goal of developing relations with Southeast Asian countries in areas such as trade, tourism, and culture, for which the North East serves as a gateway due to the fact that 95 per cent of its borders are surrounded by – China, Nepal

Introduction Today, North East India (NEI) consists of eight Indian states: Sikkim and the "seven sister states" of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh (ALP), Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh border NEI. The region is rich in biodiversity and untapped natural resources. It is linked to the rest of India via the 22-kilometre-long "Siliguri Corridor." As a result, it is strategically, politically, and

Background The AFSPA was introduced in 1947 as a reincarnation of the British-era legislation designed to stifle uprisings during the Quit India movement. In 1948, the ordinances were repealed by an Act, and in 1958, the then-Home Minister, G.B. Pant, put the current statute effective in the Northeast into Parliament. Initially known as the Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958, it was enacted in 1958. The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958 prov

Background Soon after India gained independence from British colonial authority in August 1947, the demand for the establishment of a sovereign independent state of Nagaland by the Naga people living in the country's northeast region rife with armed strife (Singh, 2013) presented the greatest obstacle. The Nagas were the first to dispute India's nationhood upon independence. Pan-Naga nationalism emerged out of political, territorial, and social consciousness, culminating in t

Due to ethnic blending, geographical expansion, and the diversification of crafts, which gave rise to new occupations, the later-Vedic theory of the four-fold division of Hindu society was further fragmented into various sub-castes. According to the Hindu chaturvarnashrama idea, a person's caste established the position and relative purity of distinct sections of the population. Caste regulated who could acquire education or own landed property, what kind of job one should pu

Introduction: Communalism, in its broadest definition, refers to a strong sense of belonging to one's own community. It is interpreted as an unhealthy connection to one's own faith in Indian popular discourse. It's an ideology that, in order to unite a community, hides internal divisions and highlights the community's inherent oneness in the face of other communities. As a result, it promotes orthodox tenets and ideals, as well as intolerance and hatred of other religions, di

Introduction: Red-tapism is overregulation or rigorous adherence to formal regulations that are deemed superfluous and bureaucratic and obstructs action or decision-making. In other words, these are onerous rules that offer little value. It entails excessive paperwork, the acquisition of permits, the approval of a decision by several persons or committees, and a variety of low-level laws that make doing one's affairs slower and more complex. The problem may have partly to do

Introduction Judicial Review, in the most widely accepted definition, refers to the courts' authority to consider the constitutionality of acts by government organs (the executive and legislature) and declare them null and void if they violate or are inconsistent with the Constitution's fundamental principles. Although the Indian Constitution makes no explicit provision for judicial review, it is an integral part of our Constitution. The Theory of Judicial Review's primary ob

The continuous erosion of politics over decades, with the decline intensifying in the last 16 years, is an ever-present silent crisis. As politics dominate the bureaucracy, and reins in business, civil society and the media, we need governance that is free of the “criminal” virus. Capability alone isn't enough. It's also necessary to have a commitment to public service. Even though the British were capable, we did not want them. It is no longer about a single political party,

“To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.” Nelson Mandela The National Human Rights Commission of India is an autonomous statutory organisation established on 12 October 1993 pursuant to the requirements of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, as modified in 2006. It is the country's watchdog for human rights. It was founded in accordance with the Paris Principles, which were approved in October 1991 in Paris for the promotion and protection