“Power corrupts but absolute power corrupts absolutely” According to this rule, institutions of governance are separated into three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, each with its own set of autonomous powers and responsibilities, so that one department does not interfere with the operations of the other two. If this principle is not followed, there will be increased opportunities for power abuse and corruption. It aims for some power demarcation and tr

Pressure groups are referred to as interest groups or vested groups. They are distinct from political parties in that they do not run for office or attempt to seize political power. They are focused on certain programmes and topics, and their activities are limited to protecting and promoting their members' interests through government influence. Through legal and legitimate means such as lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public discussion, and

Introduction The Preamble to the Indian Constitution enumerates the ideals and ambitions of the Indian people, which have been incorporated into the Constitution's many clauses. The term "preamble" refers to the introduction to a statute. As opined in the Keshavananda Bharati case as well as in the LIC of India case, Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution. A preamble is neither a source of power to legislature nor a prohibition upon the powers of the legislature. It

Introduction The constitutional fabric is knit naturally with authority and constraint. A country's constitution embodies the Grundnorm - setting the groundwork for civic society. Constitution is regarded as a repository of the people's General Will, it is appropriately regarded as not only the fundamental law of the land but also as a 'living organic thing' and a source of all legitimacy through which all subsequent laws are to be created and tested in the national interest.

The Sapru Committee in 1945 suggested two categories of individual rights. One being justiciable and the other being non-justiciable rights. The justiciable rights, as we know, are the Fundamental rights, whereas the non-justiciable ones are the Directive Principles of State Policy. Articles 36-51 under Part-IV of the Indian Constitution deal with Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). They are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland. They are also referred to as ‘ins

Dr BR Ambedkar said, "However good a Constitution may be, if those who are implementing it are not good, it will prove to be bad. However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it will prove to be good." More than any other constitutional position, it applies to governors. As a lynchpin, the governor has to do bridge building. Governor is like a long arm of union with an iron fist and velvet gloves. He has to communicate the state's aspirations to the u

Ancient Traditions The Indian civilisation's entire sociopolitical affairs have been based on the performance of duties. One of the distinctive features of our tradition is that it places a greater emphasis on duties than rights. People and their lives were based on noble conduct in ancient times where the four Vedas protected steadfast adherents to the prescribed division of duties and stages of life. It was thought that doing one's own duty would lead us to heaven and besto

Background In the case Google Spain SL, Google Inc v Agencia Espaola de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González, the Spanish judiciary ruled in favour of the right to be forgotten in 2014. (2014). The case revolved around a newspaper advertisement in La Vanguardia for Costeja's forced property sale in 1998, which was required to settle a social security debt. Costeja contacted the newspapers in 2009 after a search for his name brought up the old announcement. Costeja cont

What is Judicial Activism? Judicial activism refers to the judiciary's active role in safeguarding citizens' rights and preserving the country's constitutional and legal structure. This implies, sometimes, intruding into the executive's domain. Judicial activism is a political phrase that refers to judicial decisions that are accused of being influenced by personal and political factors other than the law. What are the methods by which judicial activism is followed in India?

History And Background The establishment of the National Commission for Women (NCW) in 1992 was a watershed moment in the drive to provide a more just and equal life and status for women in society by establishing institutional structures to preserve and promote women's exclusive rights on an ongoing basis. The Women's Movement, which began in the pre-Independence days, focused on freeing women from the multiple shackles put on them by virtue of confining their lives within t

The Constitution (89th Amendment) Act of 2003 created the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) by amending Article 338 of the Constitution and inserting a new Article 338A. The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was replaced by two independent commissions as a result of this reform. The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) Overview The commission analyses and oversees concerns

Introduction The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is a constitutional body established to protect Scheduled Castes from exploitation and to promote and protect their social, educational, economic, and cultural interests. As Special Provisions have been created in the Indian constitution, the commission was created as per Article 338 of the constitution. What are the functions that the commission perform? The commission investigates and oversees all matters relevant to

The President is the head of the Indian State, he is referred to as the first citizen of India. Officially the president is the ceremonial head of the state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Election Of The President A single-transferable vote system (Proportional Representation) is used to elect India's President indirectly. The President is chosen by an electoral college made up of elected government representatives who form the government afte

Background The Central Information Commission was established by a Gazette Notification issued by the Central Government. Members: The President of India will appoint one Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and up to ten Information Commissioners (IC) to the Commission. Oath: The oath of office will be administered by the President of India in accordance with the First Schedule Commission. With the approval of the Central Government, additional offices in other parts of the

The Minorities Commission (MC) was established in 1978 as part of a resolution passed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The government's resolution justifying the establishment of the Minorities Commission was notified by the Ministry of Home Affairs under Choudhary Charan Singh. Resolution: Despite safeguards provided in the Constitution and the laws in force, there persists among the minorities a feeling of inequality and discrimination. The government prioritises the enforc

What is National Development Council? The Prime Minister presides over the National Development Council (NDC), also known as the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad, which is India's apex body for development decision-making and deliberation. It was established by Cabinet Secretariat Resolution in August 1952. It was intended to be a meeting place for India's Prime Minister and state Chief Ministers to deliberate and discuss plans and the planning process. The NDC is comprised of all Un

The Planning Commission was established in response to the National Planning Committee's report from 1949, which emphasised the importance of economic and social planning for the entire country. The Planning Commission was established as a permanent body of experts by Cabinet Resolution in March 1950. As a result, the Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional, non-statutory body that worked under the direction of the National Development Council (NDC). The Indian Consti

According to the constitution's scheme of parliamentary government, the President is the nominal executive authority (de jure executive) or the head of the state, while the Prime Minister is the actual executive authority (de facto executive) or the head of the government. Appointment Procedure According to Article 75 of the Indian Constitution; the prime minister can only be appointed by the President. The Constitution makes no reference to the procedure for selecting and ap

What is PIL? A legal action brought in a court of law to protect the public or general interest in which the public or a class of the community has a financial interest or an interest that affects their legal rights or liabilities is referred to as public interest litigation. The Public Interest Litigation marginalises those who have been the victims of insensitive treatment by fellow beings. It is considered as the only effective countermeasure to the growing threat of legal

History & Background The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR. Though the rights and duties of the citizens are correlative and inseparable, the original constitution contained only the fundamental rights and not the fundamental duties. Notably, none of the Constitutions of major democratic countries specifically contain a list of duties of citizens. The Fundamental Duties were added to the constitution in 1976.

Despite her chequered history with local self-government institutions, India stands out as a pioneer in handing over the stranglehold of democracy to the very common people at grassroots levels. The concept of direct democracy is rooted in the ancient governmental constructs of federalism and republicanism. As mentioned in the Janapadas and Mahajanapadas, the idea acted as potential seeds of modern-day rural self-government through Panchayati Raj Institutions. However, with t

Each state has its own public service commission in addition to the national public service commission. Article 315 - 323 also mentions the state public service commission. The Constitutional Provision Each state is required by Article 315 of the Constitution to establish a public service commission. A joint commission will be formed if two or more state cities are involved in this matter. To create a joint commission, each state must pass a resolution in their respective leg

The institution of the comptroller and auditor general (CAG) is critical to the smooth and efficient operation of the Indian government machinery. The office of the CAG is intended to establish the rigour and uniformity of government accounts on the one hand, while also carrying out the responsibility of conducting independent audits on the other. It is based on the system of financial accountability that existed during the British era. The CAG was given a prominent position

The Finance Commission is established by Article 280 of the Constitution. Within two years of the constitution's inception, the President shall establish a Finance Commission, and thereafter at the end of every fifth year or at such earlier times as he deems necessary. The president will appoint the Finance Commission's chairman and four other members. Parliament may specify in law the qualifications that members of the commission must meet in order to be appointed, as well a