Introduction In the 1920s, Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory. According to the Continental Drift Theory, one large continent known as Pangaea was covered by one large ocean named Panthalassa. Tethys Sea separated Pangaea into two enormous landmasses: Laurentian (Laurasia) to the north and Gondwanaland to the south. About 200 million years ago (Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period, Late Triassic Epoch), continents began to separate and drift apart. Evidence Provide

Introduction The goal of minimum wages is to protect workers from unfairly low pay. They contribute to ensuring a just and equitable share of the fruits of progress for all, as well as a minimum living wage for all employed and in need of such protection. Minimum wages can also be part of a policy to combat poverty and reduce inequality, including inequality between men and women. 79 percent of workers were employed in establishments with fewer than ten employees. The central

Introduction India is the world’s biggest producer of jute , followed by Bangladesh. West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh are the main growing regions for jute. India's jute industry has been around for 150 years. Jute production is a labour intensive industry. In West Bengal alone, it employs roughly 2 lakh people, and there are 4 lakh people employed nationwide. The Golden Fibre The second-most common natural fibre in the world is jute. High te

Introduction Subhash Palekar, Maharashtra based agriculturist and Padma Shri recipient, popularised zero-budget natural farming (ZBNF), which refers to the process of growing crops without the use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, or any other external materials. Farmers instead use low-cost locally sourced natural concoctions, inoculums, and decoctions made from cow dung, urine, jaggery, lilac, green chilies, and a variety of other natural ingredients. The term 'Zero Budg

Introduction Hunger is one of the greatest global challenges of the 21st century. Despite considerable progress over the last 20 years, there has been a surge in global hunger, with figures from 2016 showing that more than 800 million people worldwide are malnourished. Children under five years of age represent 150 million of those affected, and for roughly three million of these children every year, the struggle ends in death. When faced with such staggering statistics, it i

Introduction Increase agricultural productivity, efficiency, and crop diversification by modernising agricultural technology. Create income and employment by implementing a paradigm shift that ensures food security while maximising agricultural value addition. Sectoral Issues The current yield levels of the majority of crops remain significantly lower than the global average. The primary causes are a lack of irrigation, the use of low-quality seeds, a lack of adoption of impr

Introduction Infrastructure is essential in agriculture at every stage, including input delivery, crop seeding, and post-harvest management. Planned investment in farm infrastructure is critical to increasing productivity and reducing post-harvest losses; this will also result in capacity development and increased revenue creation. Post-harvest losses in India are significantly greater due to a lack of essential agricultural infrastructure such as storage houses, pack houses,

According to the erstwhile Planning Commission, Irrigation projects in India are classified by the amount of 'Cultivable Command Area (CCA)' they cover. If their CCA is greater than 10000 hectares, between 2000 and 10000 hectares, or less than 2000 hectares, they are classified as Major. Minor Scope irrigation projects typically exploit both surface and groundwater sources. Surface water resources are used in the majority of large and medium-sized projects. Irrigation Techniq

Food access is a goal that needs to be pursued in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Year after year, decade after decade, targets for achieving food access must be set. To ensure that these accesses are maintained indefinitely, short- and long-term measures must be taken. At the moment, three key food access points have been identified. Physical Accessibility Physical access requires producing enough food to feed the entire country. It entails producing enough fo