Introduction Geo-engineering refers to set of emerging technologies that could manipulate the environment and partially offset some of the impacts of climate change. Geo-engineering is the broad-scale modification of a certain process essential to managing Earth's climate for a particular gain. The quantity of solar radiation that Earth receives and how this energy is distributed within the Earth system, and how much of it is absorbed by the surface of the planet and how much

Introduction Hunger is one of the greatest global challenges of the 21st century. Despite considerable progress over the last 20 years, there has been a surge in global hunger, with figures from 2016 showing that more than 800 million people worldwide are malnourished. Children under five years of age represent 150 million of those affected, and for roughly three million of these children every year, the struggle ends in death. When faced with such staggering statistics, it i

Introduction Hydrogen is the most abundant and simplest element in the universe. On Earth, however, it is rarely found as a gas; therefore, it must be separated from other elements. White hydrogen is a naturally occurring form that is occasionally found underground, but there are few viable extraction methods; therefore, experts seek to generate it artificially. Hydrogen can be derived from a variety of resources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, biomass, and renewable e

Introduction Global transportation sector is facing three major challenges, namely depletion of fossil fuels, volatility in crude oil prices and stringent environmental regulations. Alternative fuels specific to geographies can address these issues. Ethanol is considered to be one of most suitable alternative blending, transportation fuel due to its better fuel quality (ethanol has a higher octane number) and environmental benefits. Our nation's energy demand is increasing du

Introduction Climate change brought on by global warming is causing the polar ice caps to melt. At a pace of about 13% every decade, the Arctic sea ice is disappearing, and during the past 30 years, the oldest and thickest Arctic ice has shrunk by an astounding 95%. By 2040, there may not be any ice in the Arctic if emissions rise uncontrolled. However, what occurs in the Arctic does not remain there. The repercussions of sea ice loss are felt all across the world. In 2015, F

Introduction Countries lay out their plans for reducing the emissions of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming and for dealing with the consequences of the same. The plans lay out a strategy for achieving the goals, as well as elaborate systems for tracking and verifying progress. To implement the plans, NDCs should also include a financing strategy. They were agreed upon in the COP-21 Paris Climate Agreement. Every five years, countries are required by the Paris agr

Introduction Biogas is a renewable and environmentally benign energy source. It is produced anaerobically, when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microbes in the absence of oxygen. To accomplish this, the waste material must be enclosed in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen. Biogas can be produced either organically or through an industrial process for use as a fuel. Working of Biogas Plant The mixing tank is where the biomass and water are mixed tog

Introduction Ozone is a gas that exists both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Depending on where it is in the atmosphere, ozone can be "good" or "bad" for ones health and the environment. Ozone can be found in two layers of the atmosphere. Ground level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant that is hazardous to one's health and harms crops, trees, and other vegetation. It is a major contributor to urban smog. The stratospheric, or "good" ozone layer, extends u

Introduction Cycles have a significant impact on the Earth's short- and long-term weather and climate. A century ago, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch postulated that the long-term, cumulative impacts of changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun are a significant driver of the Earth's long-term climate and are responsible for initiating and ending glacial periods (Ice Ages). The Milankovitch cycles include: The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity The Earth's

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool as explained by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is used to determine the environmental, social, and economic implications of a project prior to making a decision. Its goal is to predict environmental impacts early in the project planning and design process, develop strategies to mitigate negative effects, tailor projects to the local environment, and provide predictions and options to decision-makers. EIA is defi

Introduction Climate change is a broad term that encompasses long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. These variations could be natural, as a result of variations in the solar cycle, for example. However, human activities have been the primary cause of climate change since the 1800s, owing mostly to the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Many people believe that the primary effect of global warming is an increase in average temperatures. The