Introduction The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a United Nations agency headquartered in Washington DC, and a global financial organisation that brings together 190 nations. It was established in 1944 and officially began on December 27, 1945, at the Bretton Woods Conference. It was founded with 29 members and the goal of reconstructing the global monetary system on the theories of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes. Nations contribute money to a pool from which

Introduction The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal countries. The member governments have shared goals of development, democracy and peace. The values and principles are expressed in the Commonwealth Charter. The 1949 London Declaration established existing framework. The Commonwealth is headed by Queen Elizabeth II. The Commonwealth now includes many nations from Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Pacific. There are 56 countries in

Introduction The rise of the Indo-Pacific as a new geographic space—uniting the Indian and Pacific Oceans—represents the twenty-first century's new geopolitical reality. Throughout history, the maritime domain has been a critical location for the establishment of new and emerging powers that have shaped regional dynamics and the broader security architecture. Today's great power rivalry is no different. As India and Australia have acknowledged, "many of the future issues are

Introduction In recent years, the Indian Ocean has attracted a lot of attention. It has now become the epicentre of global political squabbles, and its proximity to major countries and continents further adds to its significance. The Indian Ocean, as the world's third-largest ocean tied connected by trade routes, commands control of major sea lanes transporting half of the world's container ships, one-third of the world's bulk cargo traffic, and two-thirds of the world's oil

Introduction The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was conceived and developed amid the fall of the colonial system and the liberation struggles of peoples in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and other parts of the world, as well as during the Cold War's height. During the Movement's early years, its activities played a key role in the decolonization process, which eventually resulted in the attainment of freedom and independence by several countries, as well as the establishment of ten

History & Background The relationship between India and Iran has spanned millennia and has been defined by memorable encounters. Until 1947, the two countries shared a border and share some characteristics in their languages, cultures, and traditions. The Indian subcontinent and the Persian Gulf share extensive commercial, energy, cultural, and inter-ethnic ties. On March 15, 1950, India and Iran established diplomatic relations. India has two consulates in Iran, one in Banda

Introduction Russia has been a reliable and long-standing partner of India for a long period of time. India's foreign policy has relied heavily on the development of India-Russia relations. Strategic Partnership Since the signing of the "Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership" in October 2000 (during President Putin's visit to India), India-Russia relations have taken on a qualitatively new dimension, with increased cooperation in nearly every area of the bilat

Since 1944, the World Bank has grown from a single entity to a tightly knit network of five development institutions. Their mission has evolved from that of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as post-war reconstruction and development facilitator to that of global poverty alleviation in close collaboration with the International Development Association and other World Bank Group members. According to the World Bank report, India's GDP growth can

Background It is a 34-nation international economic organisation that was founded in 1961 to promote economic development and global trade. It is a platform for democratic and market-oriented countries to share policy experiences, find solutions to common problems, identify best practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies. Headquarter: The headquarters of the company are in Paris, France. Functions And Responsibilities The OECD publishes and updates a model

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global organisation in charge of enforcing international trade rules. The WTO agreements are at its heart which has been negotiated and signed by the majority of the world's trading nations and ratified by their legislatures. The goal is to help manufacturers of goods and services and exporters and importers run their businesses more efficiently. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala has been named Director-General of the World Trade Organization

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank located in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. It began operations on December 19, 1966. Additionally, the firm maintains 31 field offices globally to advance Asia's social and economic growth. It is a multilateral development bank with 68 members: 49 from Asia and 19 from elsewhere. The bank was proposed by the Japanese administration and economists on several occasions but it was shelved multiple times befo

The abbreviation BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a grouping of the world's leading emerging economies. British economist Jim O'Neill coined the term to describe the four growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The organisation was formally established at the inaugural meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers in 2006 at the United Nations General Assembly and later South Africa was asked to join in December 2010, after which the abbrevi

Indo-Egyptian relations have existed since ancient times. Ashoka's edicts deal with his relations with Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy II. In modern times, Mahatma Gandhi and Saad Zaghloul shared a common goal of achieving independence for their countries, a relationship that would blossom into an unusually close friendship between Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru, culminating in the signing of a Friendship Treaty in 1955. This relationship inevitably resulted in the

In the last decade, under the leadership of former Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, the India-Brazil relationship has developed into a strategic partnership, encompassing all critical spheres of interaction at all three bilateral levels, including IBSA, BRICS, BSIC, G20, and G4, as well as the larger multi-rated arenas of the UN, WTO, UNESCO, and WIPO. President Dilma Rousseff's first visit to India, in March 2012, reaffirmed the relationship's commitment and co

What is 'CELAC' Exactly? The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) is a Latin American and Caribbean regional bloc. Caribbean states devised a plan on February 23, 2010, at the Rio Group-Caribbean. On December 3rd, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela, the Declaration of Caracas was signed. It is made up of 33 sovereign countries in the Americas with a population of over a million people. The United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands, on the oth

Historical Background Prior to the arrival of colonial powers, the United States' east coast was connected to India and Africa. Trade routes between India's west coast and Africa's east coast were thriving. However, these trades gradually dwindled. Colonisation harmed contacts and eroded trade confidence. However, India's and Africa's independence accelerated the momentum once more. Despite its leadership in the fight against apartheid, particularly in South Africa, and for d

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a multilateral organisation made up of six countries dedicated to Eurasian security and economic cooperation. SCO encompasses 60% of Eurasia's landmass, 40% of world's population and 20% of global GDP. Members: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India (2017), Pakistan (2017), Iran (In Process) Observers: Afghanistan, Mongolia and Belarus What are the guiding principles of SCO? The SCO is guided by the

What is G-20? The G-20 is a global conference of the world's largest economies. Its members account for almost 80% of global GDP, 75% of global trade, and 60% of the global population. Origins and Evolution of the G-20 The G-20 was founded in September 1999 in the aftermath of the East Asian Crisis of 1997. It was formed as a group of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors from the 19 major nations and the EU. Better Representation of Emerging Economies: Despite their g