Introduction Tropical cyclones are violent storms that form over tropical oceans and move to coastal areas, causing widespread devastation due to high winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges. This is one of nature's most disastrous natural calamities. They are known as Cyclones in the Indian Ocean, Hurricanes in the Atlantic, Typhoons in the Western Pacific and South China Sea, and Willy-willies in the Western Australia. In the northern hemisphere, cyclones circulate in an a

Introduction The practise of burning crop residue, particularly in North India, is a major contributor to air pollution. A major challenge is persuading farmers to abandon the practise by providing alternative methods of disposal through economically productive use of crop residues. Pollution control efforts are hampered by a lack of awareness of the negative effects of pollution. This makes it difficult to effect the necessary behavioural change in order to combat pollution

Introduction Deserts cover more than one-fifth of the Earth's land surface and can be found on all continents. A desert is defined as a location that receives fewer than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain each year. Deserts are part of a larger category of landforms known as drylands. These places have a "moisture deficit," which implies they lose more moisture through evaporation than they receive from annual precipitation. Vegetation Both hot and mid-latitude deserts are dominated b

Introduction Hydrogen is the most abundant and simplest element in the universe. On Earth, however, it is rarely found as a gas; therefore, it must be separated from other elements. White hydrogen is a naturally occurring form that is occasionally found underground, but there are few viable extraction methods; therefore, experts seek to generate it artificially. Hydrogen can be derived from a variety of resources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, biomass, and renewable e

Introduction The Circum-Pacific Belt, often known as the Ring of Fire, is a region along the Pacific Ocean marked by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. It is roughly 40,000 kilometres long . It traces boundaries between several tectonic plates—including the Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Indian-Australian, Nazca, North American, and Philippine Plates. More than 450 volcanoes, or 75% of all volcanoes on Earth, are found along the Ring of Fire. Also, about 90 per cent of

Introduction Climate change brought on by global warming is causing the polar ice caps to melt. At a pace of about 13% every decade, the Arctic sea ice is disappearing, and during the past 30 years, the oldest and thickest Arctic ice has shrunk by an astounding 95%. By 2040, there may not be any ice in the Arctic if emissions rise uncontrolled. However, what occurs in the Arctic does not remain there. The repercussions of sea ice loss are felt all across the world. In 2015, F

Introduction The Government of India has launched its ambitious Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) through the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) with an intention to develop technologies to harness the living and non-living resources from the deep-oceans.The deep sea has the most biodiversity on the planet, including novel bio-molecules with industrial and biomedical applications. The ever-expanding search for new sources of chemical diversity, particularly deep-sea organisms, has emer

Introduction Countries lay out their plans for reducing the emissions of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming and for dealing with the consequences of the same. The plans lay out a strategy for achieving the goals, as well as elaborate systems for tracking and verifying progress. To implement the plans, NDCs should also include a financing strategy. They were agreed upon in the COP-21 Paris Climate Agreement. Every five years, countries are required by the Paris agr

Introduction Ozone is a gas that exists both in the Earth's upper atmosphere and at ground level. Depending on where it is in the atmosphere, ozone can be "good" or "bad" for ones health and the environment. Ozone can be found in two layers of the atmosphere. Ground level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant that is hazardous to one's health and harms crops, trees, and other vegetation. It is a major contributor to urban smog. The stratospheric, or "good" ozone layer, extends u

Introduction Cycles have a significant impact on the Earth's short- and long-term weather and climate. A century ago, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch postulated that the long-term, cumulative impacts of changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun are a significant driver of the Earth's long-term climate and are responsible for initiating and ending glacial periods (Ice Ages). The Milankovitch cycles include: The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity The Earth's

Introduction Ocean currents are the directional movement of seawater caused by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. Water in the ocean flows in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Currents are horizontal motions, while upwellings and downwellings represent vertical movements. This abiotic system is in charge of heat transport, biodiversity variations, and the Earth's climate system. Factors that impact the ocean current formations are: Planetary winds

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool as explained by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is used to determine the environmental, social, and economic implications of a project prior to making a decision. Its goal is to predict environmental impacts early in the project planning and design process, develop strategies to mitigate negative effects, tailor projects to the local environment, and provide predictions and options to decision-makers. EIA is defi

Introduction Climate change is a broad term that encompasses long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. These variations could be natural, as a result of variations in the solar cycle, for example. However, human activities have been the primary cause of climate change since the 1800s, owing mostly to the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Many people believe that the primary effect of global warming is an increase in average temperatures. The

Introduction When two dissimilar air masses clash, a border zone is known as a front that forms between them. A front is not a normal two-dimensional border. A typical front is a long, narrow three-dimensional transition zone that stretches for many kilometres, if not tens of kilometres. Within this zone, the air's properties vary fast. World War I The Frontal Concept was developed during World War I by Norwegian meteorologists, and the term "front" was adopted because these

What is El-Nino? El-Nino is the term used to describe the occurrence of warm ocean surface waters off the shores of Ecuador and Peru. When the oceans warm, the regular upwelling of cool, nutrient-rich deep ocean water is greatly reduced. El-Nio is a seasonal occurrence that occurs between Christmas and New Year's and lasts for a few weeks to a few months. It is conceivable for a very hot event to occur that lasts substantially longer than expected. Normal Conditions in South

What is Solar Insolation? The sun is the sole source of energy for the earth's atmosphere which has to travel 93 million miles through space before reaching Earth as solar energy or incident radiation through a process known as insolation. This insolation is measured in a unit called 'Langley' Rate of Insolation on Earth: The Earth's surface is insolated at a rate of 1.94 calories per square cm each minute. The amount of solar radiation falling on the Earth's surface in a sin

What exactly does the term "atmosphere" imply? The atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope that wraps around the world on all sides like a blanket. It is tightly tied to the earth due to its gravitational pull, and it also contains life-giving gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The majority of the atmosphere is made up of gases, water vapour, and particles. Gases in Earth's Atmosphere The earth's atmosphere contains nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), argon (0.93%), carb

What are Jet Streams? The Jet Streams on earth are powerful and fast-moving circumpolar westerly air circulation.