Introduction: The Internet’s Hidden Highways Beneath the Waves If you stood on a beach and looked out at the vast ocean, the last thing on your mind would probably be the invisible threads of global civilisation lying just beneath the surface. Yet beneath those rolling waves lies one of the most remarkable engineering systems ever built: a web of submarine fiber-optic cables stretching hundreds of thousands of kilometers across the seafloor, carrying almost all international internet traffic....

Introduction There is a phrase increasingly echoed in international affairs classrooms, diplomatic circles, and policy papers: “The United Nations is facing an identity crisis.” At first glance, this seems like an exaggeration. After all, the UN is still the world’s largest international organization, with 193 member states, dozens of specialized agencies, and a global presence that influences everything from refugee aid to climate policy. Its peacekeepers are stationed on multiple...

Introduction: Turning Moving Air Into Electricity Stand beneath a modern wind turbine and look up. The blades sweep across the sky with a calm grace that makes it easy to forget the engineering complexity behind them. These structures, often taller than skyscrapers, convert something seemingly gentle and inconsistent—the wind—into a steady supply of electricity. Wind turbines are not simple machines or oversized fans. They are aerodynamic devices based on principles similar to aircraft,...