The Israel–Palestine Conflict: A Century of Displacement and Division

The Israel–Palestine conflict is one of the longest-running and most emotionally charged disputes in modern history. What began as a territorial contest in the early 20th century has evolved into a complex struggle involving identity, religion, nationalism, geopolitics, and trauma. At its core lies one of the most sensitive and deeply rooted issues in global affairs: Who has the right to live and govern on a land considered sacred by multiple peoples?

Despite countless peace efforts, accords, and negotiations, the region remains fractured — geographically, politically, and emotionally. The heart of the conflict is the land itself — its ownership, its borders, its history, and the cultural claims attached to it.

Historical Roots: Ottoman Decline to British Mandate

A Shared Land Under Ottoman Rule

For centuries, the region known as Palestine — roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza — was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was a multicultural land with a majority Arab Muslim population, alongside Christian and Jewish minorities. While there were religious tensions, the communities coexisted under a system of relative autonomy.

The Rise of Nationalism

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, two nationalist movements emerged:

• Zionism: A political movement calling for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, largely in response to European anti-Semitism and pogroms.

• Arab Nationalism: Advocating for independence and unity among Arab peoples following centuries of foreign rule.

As both movements grew, Palestine became their focal point — Zionists saw it as their ancestral homeland, while Arab Palestinians saw it as the land they had inhabited for generations.

The British Mandate and the Balfour Declaration

After World War I, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Britain took control of Palestine under a League of Nations mandate. In 1917, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, supporting the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine — without consulting its Arab inhabitants.

Between 1920 and 1948, waves of Jewish immigration increased, especially during and after the rise of Nazism in Europe. Tensions between Jews and Arabs escalated as each community asserted its claim over the same land, leading to violent clashes and deepening divisions.

The Partition Plan and the Birth of Israel

UN Partition Plan (1947)

In 1947, the United Nations proposed partitioning Palestine into two states:

• One Jewish

• One Arab

• With Jerusalem under international control

Jews accepted the plan; Arab leaders rejected it, arguing it unfairly gave more than half the land to the Jewish minority and violated Palestinian self-determination.

1948 War and Palestinian Exodus

When Israel declared independence in May 1948, neighboring Arab states invaded. The ensuing war ended with Israel controlling more land than the UN had allotted.

More than 700,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes — an event Palestinians call the Nakba("catastrophe"). Most were never allowed to return, and their descendants now form one of the largest refugee populations in the world.

Disputed Land: Borders, Settlements, and Control

The Green Line and Occupied Territories

After the 1949 armistice, Israel controlled much of the territory. The remaining land — the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip — came under Jordanian and Egyptian control respectively.

In 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. Since then, Israel has maintained military occupation over these areas, with varying levels of control.

Settlements and Contested Land

One of the most contentious issues today is Israeli settlements:

• Hundreds of thousands of Israelis live in settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

• These settlements are considered illegal under international law, though Israel disputes this.

• They fragment Palestinian territory and make the prospect of a contiguous Palestinian state difficult.

Land disputes remain at the heart of peace negotiations:

• Where should the borders be?

• Should East Jerusalem become the capital of Palestine?

• What happens to the settlers and the refugees?

There are no easy answers, and every proposed solution cuts into deeply held national and religious identities.

Check out this video explaining the history of this conflict:

The Cultural Divide: Two Peoples, Two Narratives

Historical Identity

• Jewish Israelis see the land as their ancestral homeland, promised to them in biblical texts and legitimized by centuries of persecution culminating in the Holocaust.

• Palestinian Arabs see themselves as indigenous to the land, with roots going back centuries, if not millennia. They view Zionism as a settler colonial project that displaced them.

Each side has developed a collective memory that frames their struggle in existential terms.

Language, Religion, and Daily Life

• Language: Hebrew and Arabic are both official languages in Israel, but linguistic divisions often reinforce social separation.

• Religion: While the conflict is not fundamentally religious, Jerusalem — home to Judaism’s Western Wall, Islam’s Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Christianity’s Church of the Holy Sepulchre — makes religious claims a central point of contention.

• Daily segregation: In the West Bank, separate legal systems govern Israelis and Palestinians. Checkpoints, military patrols, and travel restrictions are everyday realities for Palestinians.

These cultural divisions are not just political—they are lived experiences, reinforced by separation barriers, differing histories, and education systems that teach conflicting narratives.

The Gaza Strip: Blockade and Conflict

Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist group that refuses to recognize Israel’s right to exist. In response, Israel (and Egypt) imposed a blockade, restricting the movement of people and goods.

This has led to:

• Severe economic hardship in Gaza

• Frequent military clashes between Hamas and Israel

• Massive civilian suffering and infrastructure collapse

Each new war — like those in 2008, 2014, and 2021 — further devastates Gaza and radicalizes both sides. Civilians bear the brunt of bombings, rocket fire, and the cycle of retaliation.

Attempts at Peace: Progress and Collapse

The Oslo Accords (1993–1995)

The most significant peace effort was the Oslo process, which created the Palestinian Authority (PA) and promised mutual recognition. It was meant to lead to a two-state solution — Israel and Palestine living side by side.

But the process failed due to:

• Ongoing settlement expansion

• Palestinian militant attacks and suicide bombings

• Mutual distrust and lack of political will

• The assassination of Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin (1995) by a Jewish extremist

  
  

Camp David and Beyond

In 2000, talks at Camp David broke down without an agreement. The Second Intifada (uprising) followed, with waves of violence killing thousands on both sides.

Since then, numerous peace plans have stalled. The reality today is more divided than ever, with:

• No active peace process

• Hamas controlling Gaza, PA controlling parts of the West Bank

• Right-wing Israeli governments reluctant to concede land

• Growing disillusionment among younger generations
  

International Involvement and Global Divides

The conflict is not just regional — it has global dimensions:

• The U.S. remains Israel’s strongest ally, providing billions in aid and diplomatic support.

• Arab countries historically supported Palestinians, though recent years have seen normalization agreements(e.g., UAE, Bahrain under the Abraham Accords).

• The United Nations, EU, and human rights groups have criticized settlement policies and military actions by both sides.
  

Meanwhile, the global public is increasingly divided — with pro-Palestinian movements growing across universities and social media, while many others defend Israel’s right to security in a hostile region.

Conclusion: The Price of Division

The Israel–Palestine conflict is not just a battle over territory — it’s a clash of histories, identities, and existential fears. Both peoples claim the same land, and both carry historical traumas that shape how they view each other.

Efforts toward peace will need to confront:

• The deep-rooted narratives of victimhood on both sides

• Equitable solutions for refugees, settlers, and divided capitals

• Recognition of shared humanity over historical grievance
  

But perhaps most importantly, real progress requires mutual recognition — not just of borders, but of each other’s legitimacy, pain, and right to exist.

Until then, the century-old cycle of displacement and division is likely to continue.