Resource library
Science and Technology
Browse 99 articles in this category. Choose a title below, or explore the related categories for more reading.
How the Internet Travels Under the Sea: Submarine Cables
A network of submarine fibre-optic cables, stretching hundreds of thousands of km, carries almost all international internet traffic beneath the ocean's
11 min read →How Windmills Make Energy: The Science, Engineering, and Hidden Complexity Behind Wind Power
Wind turbines can generate enough electricity to power over 1 million homes, but what makes them tick?
11 min read →Why Bridges Don’t Fall: Basic Structural Engineering Explained
Every time you cross a bridge, you're trusting invisible forces to keep tons of steel and concrete from collapsing beneath you.
6 min read →The Hidden Physics of Everyday Objects: The Science You Never Noticed
You walk without falling because you're constantly adjusting your centre of gravity to stay balanced, thanks to a fundamental physics principle.
9 min read →How Is Information Stored in a Memory Card: The Science Behind Digital Storage
A memory card stores information by converting digital data into electric charges, arranged into billions of microscopic cells, even without power.
12 min read →How Vaccines Train the Immune System: The Biology of Immunity
Millions of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens try to invade your body every day, but vaccines teach your immune system to identify and eliminate
9 min read →How Does a Battery Store Energy? The Science Behind Portable Power
A battery stores energy by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.
7 min read →The Evolution of Coding: From Punch Cards to AI-Powered Programming
Punch cards, a laborious task of writing 0s and 1s, gave way to high-level languages and AI-assisted development in the evolution of coding.
7 min read →The Copy Code: Science, Engineering, and the Hidden Symphony Behind Photocopying
You'd be surprised how much science goes into making a photocopy, with light, charge, and heat working together to recreate information with
9 min read →How Do Hurricanes Form and Gain Strength?
Hurricanes are born in warm ocean waters, where temperatures must be at least 26.5°C and extend 50 meters below the surface to fuel their development.
8 min read →The Ultimate Germ-Fighter: How the Chemistry of Soap Kills Germs
A bar of soap can kill 99.9% of germs through a targeted chemical assault on microbes' structure, thanks to its unique molecular structure.
10 min read →The Star in a Jar: How Nuclear Fusion Promises Infinite Energy
Scientists have successfully created a mini-star in a jar, replicating the sun's fusion reaction in a controlled environment.
11 min read →The Invisible Web: How GPS Pinpoints Your Location Anywhere on Earth
GPS can pinpoint your location anywhere on Earth using just 3 satellites, but how does it actually work?
11 min read →Unlocking the Mystery: How Do QR Codes Store So Much Information?
QR codes can store up to 7,089 characters, a staggering amount for a tiny black-and-white square.
10 min read →How Do Noise Canceling Headphones Work?
Noise-canceling headphones use destructive interference to cancel out unwanted sound waves, a phenomenon you likely studied in school.
10 min read →Skill Development in India: Are We Preparing for Future Jobs?
India is on the cusp of becoming a global workforce hub, but its 65% youth population lacks the skills needed for future jobs.
7 min read →Harnessing Narrative in Election Advertising to Shape Voter Perceptions
India's 900 million voters are courted with billions of rupees in political advertising.
7 min read →The Ethics of Immortality: Should Humans Live Forever If Possible?
For the first time in history, humanity stands on the edge of a profound transformation: the possibility of overcoming death itself.
8 min read →Quantum Computing Beyond the Hype: When Will It Really Matter?
Quantum computing can solve problems too complex for classical computers, but when will it truly matter in real-world industries?
6 min read →Climate Economics: Can Growth and Green Goals Coexist?
The world has less than a decade to sharply cut emissions to avoid catastrophic consequences, but economic growth is still adding to emissions.
8 min read →AI and the End of Copyright: WHO Owns Creativity in the Age of Generative Models?
AI can now produce works that look and feel indistinguishable from those made by human artists.
9 min read →The Dark Side of Space Junk: Cleaning Earth’s Orbit Before It’s Too Late
Millions of pieces of space junk, including defunct satellites and rocket fragments, are hurtling through Earth's orbit at speeds of over 27,000 km/h.
6 min read →India’s AI Leap with Massive GPU Expansion
India is now a major player in the global GPU market, thanks to a massive expansion of its GPU capabilities.
7 min read →Green Energy Colonialism: How the West Is Exploiting the Global South Again
The West is exploiting the Global South for critical raw materials to fuel its green energy revolution, perpetuating a new form of colonialism.
8 min read →Is Fire a Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
Fire defies traditional classification as a solid, liquid, or gas, existing in a unique state of matter that's both and neither.
8 min read →How Did We Go from Hunter Gatherers to Instagram Influencers
We went from surviving by tracking deer to curating our lives online in just 12,000 years.
14 min read →The Future of AI
AI is no longer confined to labs and Silicon Valley offices, powering much of your digital life, from Google Maps to Netflix recommendations.
9 min read →Where Did Language Come From?
Language may have emerged from a single, universal grammar shared by early humans, but the exact origin remains a mystery.
8 min read →How the Brain Works While You Sleep
Your brain becomes astonishingly active while you sleep, entering a dynamic cycle of electrical rhythms and subconscious problem-solving.
8 min read →Global Warming Is Not a Hoax: Here's the Cold, Hard Science
Decades of data show global warming is not a hoax, but a scientifically established reality supported by measurable consequences.
8 min read →The Genius of Minecraft and How It Took Over the Industry
Minecraft was the best-selling video game in history with over 300 million copies sold, despite its unassuming blocky visuals and minimal interface.
7 min read →The Hidden Math Behind Your Favourite Video Games
Behind every headshot, gravity-defying leap, or randomly generated dungeon is a world of algorithms, geometry.
8 min read →What Is the God Particle (Higgs Boson) and Why Is It So Important?
Scientists finally found the 'God Particle', the elusive force behind how particles gain mass, in 2012.
8 min read →The Green Revolution: Saving India from Famine or Creating Long-Term Problems?
India's Green Revolution turned a nation on the brink of famine into a self-sufficient food producer, but at what long-term cost?
6 min read →What Causes Allergies, and Can They Be Cured?
Allergies affect hundreds of millions worldwide, but what exactly causes them and can they be prevented or cured?
8 min read →Why Do We Dream? Science, Symbolism, and Speculation
Dreams occur during REM sleep, when brain activity mimics being awake, and are linked to memory consolidation and emotional processing.
8 min read →What Would Happen If Earth Stopped Spinning?
If Earth stopped spinning, everything on its surface would continue moving at 1,670 km/h, causing a global catastrophe.
7 min read →How Rare Earth Metals Are the New Oil
Rare earth metals are now the linchpin of global economic and technological dominance.
9 min read →Why the Moon Is Moving Away from Earth and What That Means
The Moon is moving away from Earth at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year, a change that may seem small but has significant implications over millions of
6 min read →The Invention of Time How Clocks Reshaped Civilization
The first mechanical breakthroughs in timekeeping emerged around 3500 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia with the invention of water clocks.
12 min read →Urbanization in Developing Countries: How Cities Are Swallowing Rural Land
90% of future urban population growth will occur in developing nations, with Africa and Asia leading the charge.
7 min read →How Vaccines Work: The Science Behind Immunity
Vaccines are like a 'warm-up match' for your immune system, teaching it to recognise pathogens without causing disease.
17 min read →Tech and Politics: How Social Media Influences Elections Worldwide
Elections are no longer just fought in parliament or the streets, but also online, with social media platforms shaping public opinion and mobilizing
7 min read →Plastic-Eating Bacteria: A Natural Solution to a Man-Made Problem?
Plastic-eating bacteria can break down PET in just 28 days, a breakthrough that could revolutionise our fight against plastic pollution.
7 min read →Africa's Tech Boom: The Next Silicon Valley?
Africa is now home to over 1,000 startups, more than double the number of those in Silicon Valley, sparking hopes it could be the next Silicon Valley.
5 min read →Fusion Power: The Quest for Unlimited Energy
Fusion power is the process of generating energy by fusing two light atomic nuclei into a heavier nucleus.
7 min read →The Business of Surveillance: How Companies Profit from Your Data
Your phone data is being used to predict and nudge your behaviour for profit, with India already witnessing its impact.
14 min read →The Genetic Breakthrough of the Century
CRISPR, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, can now cure inherited diseases with unprecedented precision, thanks to a simple molecular cut.
5 min read →The Unseen Architects: How Pandemics Have Reshaped Human Societies
The Antonine Plague killed an estimated 5 million people over two decades, exposing vulnerabilities in a seemingly invincible empire.
6 min read →What Is Blockchain Technology and Why Is It More Than Just Crypto?
Blockchain is the underlying tech behind Bitcoin, but its potential stretches far beyond crypto, into trust, transparency.
7 min read →The James Webb Space Telescope: What It's Seeing and Why It Matters
The James Webb Space Telescope has begun to reshape our understanding of the universe by seeing the first galaxies that formed 13.5 billion years ago.
7 min read →The Oil Crisis of the 1970s When the World Ran Short of Fuel
The world ran out of fuel in 1973, with petrol prices doubling overnight, after a cartel of oil-producing nations imposed an oil embargo on the US and
12 min read →Global Supply Chains: Why a Chip Shortage Can Affect Your Everyday Life
A single factory shutdown in Taiwan can delay your next phone upgrade, and a drought in Malaysia can make your washing machine twice as expensive.
17 min read →Cryptocurrency: The Future of Money or Just a Bubble?
You can now buy a cup of chai with cryptocurrency, but what makes this digital transaction possible?
14 min read →The Geopolitics of a Microchip: The New Global Power Play
Control over microchip technology now equates to dominance in the global tech race, just like oil did in the 20th century.
7 min read →The Goldilocks Zone How Scientists Find Habitable Planets
Scientists can pinpoint the perfect distance from a star for liquid water to exist, thanks to the Goldilocks Zone.
15 min read →The Placebo Effect: Can Your Mind Really Heal Your Body
You can actually heal your body with just your mind, as proven by a study where patients in India took a sugar pill for a headache and still experienced
15 min read →How the Printing Press Changed the World in Just 50 Years
Within five decades of its invention, Johannes Gutenberg's movable type transformed Europe from a continent of scarce.
3 min read →The Big Bang What Really Happened in the First Second
The universe was so hot that even atoms couldn't form in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang.
14 min read →Why Jupiter is the Solar System's Unsung Hero
Jupiter's massive size and gravitational pull have a profound impact on the solar system's architecture.
14 min read →Data Embassies in India: The Future of Data Diplomacy and Privacy
India has established its first-ever Data Embassy, marking a significant step towards the country's emergence as a global leader in data diplomacy and
2 min read →What Are Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime, detected for the first time in 2015, revealing the universe's most violent events.
14 min read →Stealth Technology
India's DRDO successfully tested stealth features on the Light Combat Aircraft Tejas in 2020, reducing its radar, infrared.
13 min read →India's Nuclear Programme
India became a global nuclear partner in 1948, driven by a desire for self-reliance and led by visionary physicist Homi J. Bhabha.
12 min read →Endocrine Glands of Humans
The human body has a network of glands that produce hormones, which regulate everything from metabolism to fertility.
8 min read →Visual Positioning System
VPS relies on visual information to determine a user's location, unlike GPS which uses satellite signals.
3 min read →Nuclear Reactors
Nuclear reactors power cities with energy from a pencil eraser-sized fuel, producing 10% of global electricity.
3 min read →Parathyroid Glands
Introduction The parathyroid glands are four small glands located in the neck, near the thyroid gland. They are responsible for regulating the levels of calcium and phosphate in the body. Each parathyroid gland contains…
20 min read →Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System
India's Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System tracks crop health, monitors natural disasters.
12 min read →Remote Sensing Satellites
Remote sensing satellites can predict natural disasters and monitor crop growth with unprecedented accuracy, thanks to India's Resourcesat-2 satellite.
12 min read →What is Quantum Computing?
Quantum computers can factor a large number in seconds, while classical computers take years.
6 min read →What is 4d Printing
4D printing can create shoes that adjust to your foot size, thanks to India's innovative use of this tech at the annual Auto Expo.
13 min read →Thorium Based Nuclear Reactors
India has the world's largest thorium reserves, but it sits largely unused – until now.
13 min read →Nanotechnology Sector in India
India's nanotechnology sector is purifying a village's entire supply with a single gram of its revolutionary water filter.
18 min read →Bio-Terrorism
A single intentional release of a pathogen or toxin can be harder to detect than a bomb or shooting, yet can disrupt hospitals, trade.
3 min read →Satellite Internet
Satellite internet can reach places where digging trenches, building towers, or running undersea cables is impractical.
3 min read →Research and Development
India has a dedicated department to regulate its R D industry, but what exactly does that entail?
6 min read →Geo Engineering
Geo-engineering isn't science fiction; it's the audacious idea to tweak the sky, soil, or oceans to buy breathing room for slashing carbon at its source.
13 min read →Genetically Modified Crops
GM crops can now be designed to resist pests and diseases without pesticides, a breakthrough that could increase crop yields and reduce chemical use.
3 min read →National Supercomputing Mission
India is building world-class computational infrastructure to solve complex scientific problems in a fraction of the time.
13 min read →Space Technology and Private Investments
Private investment in space tech has made rockets and satellites cheaper, with SpaceX's reusable rockets costing under $1,500 per kilogram.
14 min read →Digitalization
Digitalization isn't just about apps or faster internet; it's the quiet force rewiring how societies learn, heal, trade, and govern.
15 min read →Space Anaemia
Astronauts experience a temporary but real reduction in red blood cells when living in space, leading to a decrease in blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
11 min read →Hydrogen and Clean Energy Needs
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can power your school bus, kitchen stove and classroom lights without leaving behind dirty haze of
14 min read →AI & Governance in India
India is set to become the world's first country to use AI to make decisions on its own.
5 min read →Origin of the Universe the Big Bang Theory
The universe began as a singularity 13.8 billion years ago, expanding into space in a phenomenon known as the Big Bang.
13 min read →Micro Plastic Found in Human Blood
You're brushing your teeth, but tiny, invisible plastic fragments are breaking free and heading straight into your bloodstream.
16 min read →What is Lead Poisoning
Millions of people are silently poisoned by lead, a metal found in everyday objects, with no symptoms appearing until weeks or months of exposure have
13 min read →Plague Black Death
The Plague was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which can spread through fleas and rats, killing millions in medieval Europe.
10 min read →Digital Divide In India
India has 300 million people without internet access, despite being a $3 trillion economy.
6 min read →Xenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation could save thousands of lives by using animal organs for human transplants.
14 min read →Bioethics
Bioethics is concerned with the ethical dilemmas produced by biology and medicine, particularly those raised by human action in society and the
3 min read →Genetic Engineering
You can now 'copy-paste' a single instruction inside a living cell to make it resistant to disease, produce more food, or create medicine.
12 min read →Gene Therapy
Gene therapy can cure genetic diseases by replacing faulty genes with healthy ones, using a harmless virus as a delivery vehicle.
13 min read →Superconductivity
Wires could carry electricity without losing a single watt, thanks to superconductivity.
18 min read →Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003 after 13 years, mapping every gene and determining the sequence of 3 billion base pairs in human DNA.
4 min read →Biotechnology an Introduction
Biotechnology is the deliberate use of living cells to make or modify useful products or processes.
11 min read →3D Printing - An Overview
3D printing has revolutionised manufacturing, creating complex objects from digital files using metals, ceramics, and polymers.
6 min read →Nuclear Energy
A single matchstick-sized lump of uranium can power your home for six months, but what is nuclear energy really made of and how does it work?
14 min read →World 101
Explore people, events and ideas.
Use World 101 to explore timelines, key people and debates alongside your reading.