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Policy & Civic Literacy
Browse 59 articles in this category. Choose a title below, or explore the related categories for more reading.
Argentina in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Argentina at a Model G20: its G20 record since hosting in 2018, Milei's priorities and dissent, its partners, ties with India and tips for delegates.
7 min read →Australia in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Assigned Australia at a Model G20? Its 2014 Brisbane presidency, trade and climate positions, partners, India ties and practical tips.
7 min read →Brazil in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Brazil led the G20 in 2024 with hunger, climate and reform of global institutions on top. Its record, positions, partners, India ties and how to represent it.
7 min read →Canada in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Assigned Canada at a Model G20? Its G20 history, 2026 priorities, alliances, the India reset and practical tips for representing it in committee.
7 min read →China in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
China hosted the G20 in 2016 and calls itself part of the Global South. A guide to its record, positions, partners, India ties and how to represent it.
7 min read →France in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
France hosted the 2011 Cannes G20 summit and chairs the G7 in 2026. Its G20 record, positions, allies and India ties, explained for Model G20 delegates.
7 min read →Germany in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Germany hosted the first G20 finance meeting and the 2017 Hamburg Summit. Its positions, allies and India ties, explained for Model G20 delegates.
6 min read →India in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
India led the G20 in 2023 and chairs BRICS in 2026. What it wants from the G20, its allies and red lines, and how to represent it at a Model G20.
7 min read →Indonesia in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Assigned Indonesia at a Model G20? Its Bali presidency, its positions in Prabowo's own words, its ties with India and practical tips for committee.
7 min read →Italy in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Italy hosted the G20 in Rome in 2021. Here is its G20 record, Meloni's priorities, its ties with India and how to represent Italy at a Model G20.
7 min read →Japan in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Japan's G20 record from the 2019 Osaka summit, its priorities on trade, data and debt, its ties with India, and tips for representing it at a Model G20.
7 min read →The Republic of Korea in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
The Republic of Korea hosted the G20 in Seoul in 2010 and is due to chair it again in 2028. Its record, priorities, India ties and tips for delegates.
7 min read →Mexico in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Mexico in the G20: its 2012 Los Cabos presidency, its 2026 trade priorities, its partners, its ties with India and how to represent it.
7 min read →Russia in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Russia in the G20: its 2013 St Petersburg presidency, its call for a depoliticised G20, BRICS partners, India ties and tips for Model G20 delegates.
7 min read →Saudi Arabia in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Saudi Arabia led the G20 in 2020 with the virtual Riyadh Summit. Its record, energy and climate positions, partners, India ties and Model G20 tips.
7 min read →South Africa in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
South Africa hosted the first G20 summit in Africa in 2025. Its record, priorities, partners and ties with India, and how to represent it at a Model G20.
7 min read →Türkiye in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Türkiye hosted the 2015 Antalya Summit and is due to host COP31 in 2026. Its G20 record, priorities, partners and India ties, with tips for delegates.
7 min read →The United Kingdom in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Assigned the United Kingdom at a Model G20? Its G20 history, 2027 presidency plans, allies, India ties and tips for arguing its case.
7 min read →The United States in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
The United States hosted the first G20 summit in 2008 and holds the 2026 presidency. Its record, positions, allies, India ties and tips for delegates.
7 min read →The European Union in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
Assigned the European Union at a Model G20? Its G20 record, trade and climate priorities, partners, ties with India and tips to represent it.
7 min read →The African Union in the G20: a guide for Model G20 delegates
The African Union became a permanent G20 member in 2023. Its record, priorities, partners and ties with India, and how to represent it at a Model G20.
7 min read →The UN First Committee (DISEC) explained
What the UN General Assembly's First Committee (DISEC) does, who sits on it, how it works, what its resolutions mean and how to prepare for it at MUN.
5 min read →ECOSOC explained: the UN's Economic and Social Council
ECOSOC explained: its 54 members, how it votes, what it can and cannot do, its commissions, India's seat and how to prepare for an ECOSOC committee.
5 min read →The UN Human Rights Council explained
The UN Human Rights Council explained: how it was created, its 47 members, sessions, the universal periodic review and how to prepare for it at MUN.
6 min read →WHO and the World Health Assembly explained
How WHO is run, how the World Health Assembly votes, what it can adopt including binding rules, and how to prepare for a WHO committee at MUN.
5 min read →The G20 Sherpa Track and Finance Track explained
How the G20's Sherpa Track and Finance Track work, who the sherpas are, and which working groups each presidency used from 2023 to 2026.
5 min read →How a G20 leaders' declaration is agreed
How G20 officials draft a leaders' declaration by consensus, what happened over Ukraine at New Delhi in 2023, and what a chair's summary means.
7 min read →The 2026 G20 presidency explained: host, priorities and calendar
The 2026 US G20 presidency: its three themes, four working groups, calendar to the Miami summit, texts agreed so far and the dispute over South Africa.
6 min read →How global climate talks work: the COP process explained
How COP negotiations reach decisions, how the Paris Agreement reviews national pledges, and what India’s 2030 and 2035 climate targets mean.
6 min read →Girls and women in STEM in India: what the numbers show
Women’s representation differs across science courses, engineering and research jobs in India. Here is how to read the official figures.
5 min read →Gender budgeting in India: what the Gender Budget Statement shows
Understand India's Gender Budget Statement, its three parts, the ministry's role, and why allocations alone cannot establish outcomes.
5 min read →How the UN Security Council works
How members are elected to the UN Security Council, how its veto works and how it adopts resolutions, with India's eight elected terms and reform position.
6 min read →What the SDG India Index measures and how states compare
Understand what the SDG India Index measures, how its scores group states and union territories, and why comparisons need care.
5 min read →How the RBI's Monetary Policy Committee sets interest rates
How the RBI's Monetary Policy Committee uses its inflation target, votes on the repo rate and publishes decisions and members' reasons.
6 min read →Delimitation explained: how constituencies are redrawn
How Articles 82 and 170 govern constituency boundaries, why census publication matters, and how delimitation links to women's reservation.
6 min read →One Nation, One Election: what the bills propose
Two 2024 bills propose a common election cycle for Lok Sabha and Assemblies, with shorter terms for some Assemblies and set rules for early dissolution.
6 min read →How Parliament's committees work
How Parliament's standing, select and joint committees scrutinise bills and spending, and what happens after they publish their reports.
6 min read →What the G20 does, and how a summit reaches agreement
How G20 members negotiate a leaders’ declaration, what the presidency and troika do, and what India’s 2023 summit agreed and changed.
6 min read →What NITI Aayog does, and how it differs from the Planning Commission
What NITI Aayog does, how it works with States, what its indices measure, and why its funding powers differ from the Planning Commission.
6 min read →Women in Indian public life: what the numbers show
Track women's Lok Sabha seat share, the conditions for reserved seats under the 2023 amendment to take effect, and the rules for panchayats.
6 min read →How the GST Council sets tax rates
How Article 279A shapes GST Council membership and voting, and how official notifications bring recommended tax rates into effect.
6 min read →What the Finance Commission does, and why states watch it
How the Finance Commission recommends dividing shareable Union taxes, why its criteria matter to states, and what the 2026 to 2031 award covers.
6 min read →How judges reach the Supreme Court: the collegium explained
How Articles 124 and 217, the Judges cases and the NJAC judgment shape judicial appointments, from collegium recommendation to appointment.
5 min read →How India's census works, and what the next count will change
How Census 2027 will count households, record caste and provide population figures linked to constituency boundaries and Lok Sabha seats.
6 min read →How India's Union Budget is made and passed
The Constitution never says budget. Who prepares it, why it comes on 1 February, and how Parliament debates, cuts and passes it.
6 min read →What the Right to Education Act guarantees, and what it does not
The Right to Education covers ages six to fourteen. What free and compulsory mean, how the 25 per cent seats work, and what changed on holding children back.
5 min read →How a public interest litigation reaches the Supreme Court
How public interest litigation works in India: Articles 32 and 226, who can file, the cases that shaped it, and the limits the Supreme Court has set.
5 min read →How India runs the world's largest election
Nearly 98 crore electors and over 10 lakh polling stations. How the Election Commission, EVMs, VVPAT checks and the Model Code actually work.
5 min read →The ₹10 question: how the RTI Act lets any citizen ask the government why
For ten rupees, the RTI Act lets any citizen put a question to a central public authority and get an answer within 30 days. How to file and appeal.
4 min read →How a bill becomes law in India, and where it usually dies
Most bills never become law, and they die long before any vote. A clear look at where India's legislative process actually stops.
6 min read →NCERT vs State Board Textbooks Switching Schools
Switching from NCERT to State Board textbooks can be a jarring shift, with different design philosophies and expectations for students.
14 min read →State Board vs CBSE Syllabus Difference
Choosing between State Board and CBSE is one of the first big education decisions Indian parents make, but most comparisons are too vague. This guide explains what actually differs
20 min read →IGCSE vs CBSE vs ICSE: Which Board Should You Choose in India?
CBSE, ICSE, and IGCSE each have real strengths and weaknesses, but the right choice depends on your child's learning style and the quality of the
6 min read →ICSE vs CBSE Parents Guide
Choosing between ICSE and CBSE can be tough, but did you know that only 25% of students pass CBSE exams?
17 min read →Where Can a Citizen Interrupt a Law?
A citizen can interrupt a law during the first reading, when MPs debate its broad aims, or at the second reading, where detailed discussion begins.
15 min read →How to Read a Government Document
Government documents are designed to be legally airtight, not easy to read, making them feel like a different language.
14 min read →How to Write Your First White Paper
A white paper can turn your passion into actionable change, but what actually is it and why should students care?
14 min read →Why Is Consensus Harder Than Voting?
Consensus is harder than voting because without a vote, persuasion never stops, leaving only careful language that can be agreed upon by everyone.
3 min read →Public Policy Programs for School Students in India
For school students in India, engaging with policy early is about developing critical thinking and systemic problem-solving skills to navigate a complex
3 min read →World 101
Explore people, events and ideas.
Use World 101 to explore timelines, key people and debates alongside your reading.