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Nobel Prizes
Browse 162 articles in this category. Choose a title below, or explore the related categories for more reading.
Nobel Prize in Economics 2026: Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomic Stabilisation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2026: Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford win for rebuilding macroeconomic stabilisation on microeconomic foundations.
24 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2026: Navi Pillay and International Law
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2026: Navi Pillay's lifelong work defending apartheid activists and advancing international criminal law.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2026: Anne Carson and the Classical Tradition
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2026, awarded to Anne Carson for her inventive dialogue with the classical tradition.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2000: Microeconometrics of Selective Samples and Discrete Choice
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2000: James Heckman on selective samples and Daniel McFadden on discrete choice in microeconometrics.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2001: The United Nations and Kofi Annan
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2001: how the United Nations and Kofi Annan were jointly honoured for building a more peaceful world.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2000: Kim Dae-jung and the Sunshine Policy
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2000 awarded to Kim Dae-jung for his democracy struggle and sunshine policy towards North Korea.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2000: Gao Xingjian and the Chinese Novel and Drama
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2000, awarded to Gao Xingjian for his Chinese novels and plays of exile and memory.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000: Signal Transduction in the Nervous System
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000, awarded to Carlsson, Greengard and Kandel for signal transduction in the nervous system.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000: Conductive Polymers and Plastic Electronics
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000, awarded to Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa for discovering conductive polymers.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2000: Semiconductor Heterostructures and the Integrated Circuit
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000: Alferov, Kroemer and Kilby on heterostructures and the integrated circuit.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2001: Markets with Asymmetric Information
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2001: Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz on adverse selection, signalling and screening in markets with asymmetric information.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2001: V. S. Naipaul and Suppressed Colonial Histories
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2001, awarded to V. S. Naipaul for narrative skill exposing suppressed colonial histories.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001: CDK, Cyclin and the Control of the Cell Cycle
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001: Hartwell, Hunt and Nurse's discovery of CDK and cyclin.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001: Chiral Catalysis and Asymmetric Synthesis
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 awarded to Knowles, Noyori and Sharpless for chiral catalysis in asymmetric synthesis.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2001: Bose-Einstein Condensation in Dilute Gases
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2001: Cornell, Ketterle and Wieman's achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute alkali gases.
23 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2002: Behavioural and Experimental Economics
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2002: Daniel Kahneman and Vernon L. Smith, who brought psychology and lab experiments into economics.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2002: Jimmy Carter and Decades of Peace Work
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2002, awarded in full to Jimmy Carter for decades of mediation, human rights and development work.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2002: Imre Kertész and the Individual Against History
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 awarded to Imre Kertész for his writing on Auschwitz, survival and the individual against history.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002: C. Elegans, Death Genes and Organ Development
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 awarded to Brenner, Horvitz and Sulston for genetic regulation of organ development and cell death.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002: Reading the Mass and Shape of Proteins
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002: John Fenn, Koichi Tanaka and Kurt Wüthrich on reading protein mass and shape.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2002: Cosmic Neutrinos and X-Ray Astronomy
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2002: Davis and Koshiba's cosmic neutrino detection and Giacconi's discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2003: ARCH Volatility and Cointegration in Time Series
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2003: Robert Engle's ARCH volatility models and Clive Granger's cointegration method for time series.
23 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2003: Shirin Ebadi and the Fight for Rights in Iran
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2003: Shirin Ebadi's work for democracy, women's and children's rights in Iran.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2003: J. M. Coetzee and the Voice of the Outsider
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2003: J. M. Coetzee's life, major novels, themes of the outsider, and why the Swedish Academy honoured him.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Discoverers
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003: Lauterbur and Mansfield's discoveries that made magnetic resonance imaging possible.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003: Water and Ion Channels in Cell Membranes
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003: Peter Agre's discovery of the aquaporin water channel and Roderick MacKinnon's atomic structure of ion channels.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2003: Superconductors and Superfluids Theory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2003: Abrikosov, Ginzburg and Leggett's pioneering theories of superconductors and superfluids.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2004: Time Consistency and Business Cycle Theory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2004: Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott on policy time consistency and business cycle shocks.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2004: Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2004, awarded to Wangari Maathai for sustainable development, democracy and peace.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2004: Elfriede Jelinek and the Voices of Clichés
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2004: Elfriede Jelinek's musical flow of voices exposing society's clichés and subjugating power.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004: Odorant Receptors and the Olfactory System
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 awarded to Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck for discovering odorant receptors and olfactory organisation.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004: Ubiquitin-Mediated Protein Degradation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004: Ciechanover, Hershko and Rose's discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation and the proteasome.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2004: Asymptotic Freedom and the Strong Force
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2004: Gross, Politzer and Wilczek's discovery of asymptotic freedom in the strong nuclear force.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2005: Game Theory, Conflict and Cooperation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2005: Robert Aumann and Thomas Schelling's game-theory analysis of conflict and cooperation.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2005: The IAEA and Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2005, awarded to the IAEA and Mohamed ElBaradei for controlling nuclear proliferation and promoting safe peaceful nuclear use.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2005: Harold Pinter and the Theatre of Menace
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2005: Harold Pinter, cited for uncovering the precipice under everyday prattle in his plays.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005: Helicobacter Pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005: Barry Marshall and Robin Warren and the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastritis and peptic ulcers.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005: Metathesis Method in Organic Synthesis
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005: Chauvin, Grubbs and Schrock's development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2005: Quantum Optics and the Laser Frequency Comb
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2005: Roy J. Glauber's quantum optics theory and John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch's laser frequency comb.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2006: Edmund Phelps and Intertemporal Tradeoffs
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2006 awarded to Edmund S. Phelps for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy.
22 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2006: Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank and Microcredit
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2006: Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank, honoured for pioneering microcredit to fight poverty from below.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2006: Orhan Pamuk and Istanbul's Melancholic Soul
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2006, awarded to Orhan Pamuk for his novels on Istanbul and the clash of East and West.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006: RNA Interference and Gene Silencing
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 awarded to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for discovering RNA interference.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006: Kornberg and the Molecular Basis of Transcription
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006, won solely by Roger D. Kornberg for mapping how eukaryotic cells transcribe DNA into RNA.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2006: Cosmic Microwave Background and the COBE Satellite
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2006: John Mather and George Smoot's COBE satellite discoveries about the cosmic microwave background.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2007: Mechanism Design Theory and Its Laureates
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2007: Hurwicz, Maskin and Myerson's foundations of mechanism design theory.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2007: The IPCC Al Gore and Climate Change
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2007, shared by the IPCC and Al Gore for building knowledge about man-made climate change.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2007: Doris Lessing and the Female Experience
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2007: Doris Lessing's citation, life, major works, themes and why her writing still matters.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007: Gene Targeting in Mice Using Embryonic Stem Cells
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007: Capecchi, Evans and Smithies and their discovery of gene targeting using embryonic stem cells.
23 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007: Gerhard Ertl and Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 awarded solely to Gerhard Ertl for revealing how chemical reactions occur on solid surfaces.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2007: Giant Magnetoresistance and Spintronics
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg's discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance and its impact on hard disks and spintronics.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2008: Paul Krugman's Trade and Geography Theory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2008: Paul Krugman's theory of trade patterns and the location of economic activity.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2008: Martti Ahtisaari and Decades of Conflict Mediation
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2008 awarded to Martti Ahtisaari for decades of mediation in Namibia, Aceh and Kosovo.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio's Literary Journey
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2008, awarded to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio for his explorations of humanity beyond mainstream civilisation.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008: Discovery of HPV and HIV
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008: Harald zur Hausen's HPV-cervical cancer link and Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier's discovery of HIV.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008: The Green Fluorescent Protein GFP
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 to Shimomura, Chalfie and Tsien for discovering and developing the green fluorescent protein GFP.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2008: Broken Symmetry and the Origin of Quark Families
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2008: Nambu, Kobayashi and Maskawa's work on spontaneous and quark-based broken symmetry.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2009: Economic Governance, Commons and Firms
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2009: Elinor Ostrom on managing the commons and Oliver E. Williamson on the boundaries of the firm.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2009: Barack Obama and the 2009 Peace Prize
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2009 awarded to Barack H. Obama for strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014: Place Cells, Grid Cells and the Brain's Inner GPS
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014: O'Keefe and the Mosers' discovery of place cells and grid cells, the brain's inner GPS.
26 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022: Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Chemistry
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022: Bertozzi, Meldal and Sharpless, honoured for click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2022: Entangled Photons and Bell Inequality Tests
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 awarded to Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger for entangled-photon experiments and Bell inequality tests.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2023: Claudia Goldin and Women's Labour Market Outcomes
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2023 awarded solely to Claudia Goldin for explaining historical gender gaps in women's labour market outcomes.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025: Regulatory T Cells and Peripheral Immune Tolerance
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025: how Brunkow, Ramsdell and Sakaguchi found regulatory T cells and the Foxp3 gene.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2009: Herta Müller and the Landscape of the Dispossessed
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2009, awarded to Herta Müller for her depiction of life under dictatorship and exile.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009: Telomeres and the Enzyme Telomerase
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009: Blackburn, Greider and Szostak's discovery of telomeres and telomerase.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009: Mapping the Ribosome's Atomic Structure
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009: Ramakrishnan, Steitz and Yonath's atomic mapping of the ribosome, with quick facts for exams.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2009: Optical Fibres and the CCD Image Sensor
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009: Charles K. Kao's pure-glass optical fibres and Boyle and Smith's invention of the CCD image sensor.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2010: Search Frictions and the Dmp Labour Market Model
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2010: Diamond, Mortensen and Pissarides on markets with search frictions and unemployment.
23 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2010: Liu Xiaobo and the Struggle for Human Rights in China
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2010 awarded to Liu Xiaobo for his long, non-violent struggle for human rights in China.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa and the Cartography of Power
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa's life, major novels, themes of power and rebellion, and exam-ready facts.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010: Robert Edwards and in Vitro Fertilisation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010: Robert Edwards and the development of human in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010: Palladium-Catalysed Cross Coupling Reactions
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010: Heck, Negishi and Suzuki's palladium-catalysed cross couplings that let chemists join carbon atoms precisely.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2010: Graphene and the Two-Dimensional Carbon Breakthrough
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010, awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for isolating and characterising graphene.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2011: Sargent, Sims and Cause-Effect in Macroeconomics
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2011: how Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims untangled cause and effect in macroeconomic policy.
22 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2011: Women's Non-Violent Struggle for Peace
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman honoured for non-violent struggle for women's rights.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2011: Tomas Tranströmer's Poetry of Condensed Images
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2011: how Tomas Tranströmer's condensed, image-rich poetry gave readers fresh access to reality.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011: Innate Immunity and the Dendritic Cell
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011: Beutler, Hoffmann and Steinman's discoveries on how the immune system switches on.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011: Dan Shechtman and the Discovery of Quasicrystals
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 awarded to Dan Shechtman for discovering quasicrystals, ordered atomic patterns that never repeat.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2011: The Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 awarded to Perlmutter, Schmidt and Riess for discovering the universe's accelerating expansion via supernovae.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2012: Stable Matching and Market Design
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2012: Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley's theory of stable matching and market design.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2012: The European Union's Six Decades of Peacebuilding
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2012, awarded to the European Union for six decades of peace, reconciliation and democracy.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2012: Mo Yan and Hallucinatory Realism
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2012: Mo Yan's hallucinatory realism, his major novels, and how his writing blends folk tales with Chinese history.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012: Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012: Gurdon and Yamanaka's discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed into stem cells.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2013: Alice Munro and the Art of the Short Story
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2013: Alice Munro, master of the contemporary short story, her life, works and themes.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012: Lefkowitz, Kobilka and G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012: Lefkowitz and Kobilka's discovery of how G-protein-coupled receptors sense hormones and light.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2012: Trapping and Measuring Single Quantum Systems
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2012: Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland's methods to trap and measure single quantum particles.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2013: Fama, Hansen and Shiller on Asset Prices
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2013: Fama, Hansen and Shiller's empirical analysis of asset price predictability and risk.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2013: The OPCW and the Fight to Eliminate Chemical Weapons
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2013, awarded to the OPCW for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons worldwide.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013: Vesicle Traffic and the Cell's Transport Machinery
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013: how Rothman, Schekman and Sudhof mapped the cell's vesicle transport machinery.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2014: Patrick Modiano and the Art of Memory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2014, awarded to French novelist Patrick Modiano for his art of memory and depiction of occupied France.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013: Multiscale Models for Complex Chemical Systems
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013: Karplus, Levitt and Warshel's multiscale models joining classical and quantum chemistry.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2013: The Higgs Mechanism and the Higgs Particle
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2013: François Englert and Peter Higgs and their theory of how particles get mass via the Higgs field.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2014: Jean Tirole on Market Power and Regulation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2014 awarded to Jean Tirole for his analysis of market power and regulation.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2014: Satyarthi, Yousafzai and the Fight for Children's Rights
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2014: Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai's joint struggle against child labour and for every child's right to education.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: Super-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: Betzig, Hell and Moerner's super-resolved fluorescence microscopy that beat the diffraction limit.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2014: Blue LEDs and Energy-Saving White Light
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for inventing efficient blue LEDs that enabled white lighting.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2015: Angus Deaton on Consumption Poverty and Welfare
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2015 awarded to Angus Deaton for his analysis of consumption, poverty and welfare worldwide.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2015: The National Dialogue Quartet's Peace Mission
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2015 awarded to Tunisia's National Dialogue Quartet for building pluralistic democracy after the Jasmine Revolution.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2015: Svetlana Alexievich and Polyphonic Documentary Writing
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015: Svetlana Alexievich's polyphonic, interview-based books on Soviet-era suffering and courage.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015: Avermectin, Artemisinin and the Fight Against Parasites
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 awarded to William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura and Tu Youyou for antiparasitic therapies.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015: Mechanistic Studies of DNA Repair
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015: Lindahl, Modrich and Sancar's mechanistic studies of how cells repair damaged DNA.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2015: Neutrino Oscillations and the Mass of Ghost Particles
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2015: Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald's discovery of neutrino oscillations proving neutrinos have mass.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2016: Bob Dylan and the American Song Tradition
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2016: Bob Dylan's citation, career, major works and why song lyrics were judged as literature.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020: CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Scissors and Genome Editing
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020: Charpentier and Doudna's CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors for precise genome editing.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2026: Non-Linear Effects and Autocatalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2026: how Henri B. Kagan and Kenso Soai discovered non-linear effects and autocatalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2017: Richard Thaler and Behavioural Economics
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2017, awarded to Richard H. Thaler for his contributions to behavioural economics, with quick facts for exams.
22 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2017: ICAN and the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2017: ICAN won for exposing nuclear weapons' humanitarian risks and driving the UN prohibition treaty.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017: Molecular Clock Genes and the Circadian Rhythm
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young for circadian clock genes.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017: Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Its Three Laureates
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017: Dubochet, Frank and Henderson's cryo-electron microscopy for imaging biomolecules.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2017: LIGO and the First Gravitational Wave Detection
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2017: Weiss, Barish and Thorne's LIGO detector and the first direct observation of gravitational waves.
23 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2018: Climate, Growth and the Economics of Ideas
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2018: how William D. Nordhaus and Paul M. Romer brought climate change and innovation into growth models.
21 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2018: Mukwege, Murad and Ending Wartime Sexual Violence
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2018: Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad honoured for efforts to end wartime sexual violence.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2018: Olga Tokarczuk's Narrative Imagination
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 awarded to Olga Tokarczuk for her narrative imagination and boundary-crossing fiction.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018: Cancer Therapy by Releasing Immune Brakes
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018: James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo's discovery of cancer immunotherapy by releasing T-cell brakes.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Directed Evolution and Phage Display
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Frances Arnold, George Smith and Gregory Winter and their work on directed evolution and phage display.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2018: Optical Tweezers and Chirped Pulse Amplification
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018: Ashkin's optical tweezers and Mourou and Strickland's chirped pulse amplification technique.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2019: Field Experiments and the Fight Against Poverty
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2019 awarded to Banerjee, Duflo and Kremer for experimental poverty research.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2019: Abiy Ahmed Ali and the Ethiopia-Eritrea Peace Deal
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2019: Abiy Ahmed Ali and the Ethiopia-Eritrea peace agreement, reforms and regional mediation efforts.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2016: Contract Theory and the Hart-Holmström Prize
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2016 awarded to Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström for their contributions to contract theory.
21 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2016: Juan Manuel Santos and the Colombian Peace Process
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2016: Juan Manuel Santos's efforts to end Colombia's 50-year civil war and the peace accord that followed.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi and the Discovery of Autophagy Genes
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi's discovery of the genes and machinery behind autophagy.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016: Molecular Machines and Their Three Inventors
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016: Sauvage, Stoddart and Feringa's design and synthesis of molecular machines.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2016: Topology and Strange Phases of Matter
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2016: Thouless, Haldane and Kosterlitz and their topological discoveries about exotic states of matter.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro and the Illusion of Connection
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 awarded to Kazuo Ishiguro, for novels exploring memory, time and self-delusion.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2019: Peter Handke and the Literature of the Periphery
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2019: Austrian writer Peter Handke, honoured for his linguistic ingenuity and focus on life's overlooked peripheries.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: How Cells Sense and Adapt to Oxygen
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: Kaelin, Ratcliffe and Semenza on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019: Goodenough Whittingham Yoshino and the Lithium-Ion Battery
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019: Goodenough, Whittingham and Yoshino and their development of the lithium-ion battery.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2019: Cosmic Evolution and the First Exoplanet
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2019: James Peebles' cosmology theory and Mayor and Queloz's discovery of the first exoplanet, 51 Pegasi b.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2020: Auction Theory and New Auction Formats
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2020 awarded to Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for improvements to auction theory and new auction formats.
21 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2020: World Food Programme and the Fight Against Hunger
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2020 awarded to the World Food Programme for combating hunger and advancing peace in conflict-affected areas.
19 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2021: Maria Ressa, Dmitry Muratov and Press Freedom
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2021: Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov were honoured for defending freedom of expression and a free press.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2020: Louise Gluck and the Poetry of Austere Beauty
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2020, awarded to American poet Louise Glück for her austere, universal poetic voice.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020: The Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020: how Alter, Houghton and Rice discovered Hepatitis C virus and made it curable.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2020: Black Holes and the Milky Way's Hidden Giant
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2020, awarded to Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for black hole discoveries.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2021: Natural Experiments and Causal Analysis
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2021, awarded to David Card, Joshua Angrist and Guido Imbens for natural experiments and causal analysis.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah and the Literature of Exile
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah's life, novels, themes of colonialism and exile, and the official citation.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021: Receptors for Temperature and Touch
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian's discovery of temperature and touch receptors.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021: Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Its Two Discoverers
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021: Benjamin List and David MacMillan's discovery of asymmetric organocatalysis.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2021: Climate Models and Disordered Systems
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2021: Manabe and Hasselmann's climate models and Parisi's theory of disordered systems.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2022: Banks, Bank Runs and Financial Crises
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2022, awarded to Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig for research on banks and financial crises.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2022: Civil Society Against Abuse of Power
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2022, shared by Ales Bialiatski, Memorial and the Center for Civil Liberties for defending civil society.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2022: Annie Ernaux and the Courage of Personal Memory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2022 awarded to Annie Ernaux for her courage and clinical acuity in writing about personal memory.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022: Ancient Genomes and Human Evolution
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022: Svante Pääbo's sequencing of the Neanderthal genome and discovery of the Denisovans.
18 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2023: Narges Mohammadi's Fight for Women's Rights in Iran
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2023 awarded to Narges Mohammadi for her fight against oppression of women in Iran.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2023: Jon Fosse and Giving Voice to the Unsayable
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2023, awarded to Jon Fosse for plays and prose that give voice to the unsayable.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023: mRNA Base Modifications and COVID-19 Vaccines
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman's mRNA base-modification discovery behind COVID-19 vaccines.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023: Discovery and Synthesis of Quantum Dots
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 awarded to Bawendi, Brus and Yekimov for discovering and making quantum dots.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2024: Han Kang and Poetic Prose on Historical Trauma
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2024, awarded to Han Kang for intense poetic prose confronting historical traumas and human fragility.
18 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024: Protein Design and Structure Prediction with AlphaFold2
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024: David Baker's protein design and AlphaFold2 by Demis Hassabis and John Jumper, with quick facts for exams.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2023: Attosecond Light Pulses and Electron Motion
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023, awarded to Agostini, Krausz and L'Huillier for attosecond light pulses that reveal electron motion.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2024: Institutions and the Wealth of Nations
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2024: Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson's work on institutions and national prosperity.
21 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2024: Nihon Hidankyo and the Nuclear Taboo
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2024, awarded to Nihon Hidankyo, Japan's Hibakusha survivor organisation, for its work against nuclear weapons.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024: MicroRNA and Gene Regulation
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024, awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for discovering microRNA gene regulation.
21 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2024: Hopfield Networks and the Boltzmann Machine
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 awarded to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for foundational work on artificial neural networks.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Economics 2025: Innovation, Creative Destruction and Sustained Growth
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Economics 2025 awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt for explaining innovation-driven growth.
20 min read →Nobel Peace Prize 2025: Maria Corina Machado and Venezuela's Democracy Struggle
Notes on the Nobel Peace Prize 2025 awarded to Maria Corina Machado for her work promoting democratic rights and a peaceful transition in Venezuela.
19 min read →Nobel Prize in Literature 2025: László Krasznahorkai and the Power of Art Amid Terror
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 awarded to László Krasznahorkai for his apocalyptic yet art-affirming Hungarian novels.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025: Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Laureates
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025: Kitagawa, Robson and Yaghi's development of metal-organic frameworks, their cavities and real-world uses.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2025: Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling in Superconducting Circuits
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis for macroscopic quantum tunnelling.
20 min read →Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026: Optogenetics and Light-Gated Ion Channels
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2026: Deisseroth, Hegemann and Nagel's discovery of optogenetics using light-gated algal proteins.
22 min read →Nobel Prize in Physics 2026: Francis Halzen and the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Notes on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2026 awarded to Francis Halzen for leading IceCube and discovering high-energy cosmic neutrinos.
21 min read →World 101
Explore people, events and ideas.
Use World 101 to explore timelines, key people and debates alongside your reading.